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长五火箭发动机曾4次试车失败 其中还爆炸了1次

2016-11-04 08:36:03   新华网

全新突破十年磨一“箭”

要实现运载火箭能力的跨越式发展,必须采用全新的技术。

相比以往新火箭研发中30%左右的新技术比例,长征五号可以说是另起炉灶,全箭采用了247项核心关键新技术,全箭新研产品比例达90%以上。

“这么高的新技术比例意味着研制工作量增大,研制难度增大,也意味着研制风险增大。”长征五号火箭总设计师李东说。

发动机是火箭的心脏,也是摆在研制团队面前的一大难关,高性能的低温推进剂发动机,给研制团队列出一道道“冰与火”的难题。

长五助推器用到的120吨液氧煤油发动机,曾被外国专家认为中国即使能设计出来,也不可能制造出来。而是否掌握高效率、无毒无污染的液氢液氧发动机,是衡量一个国家是否是航天大国的重要标志。

长征五号运载火箭型号副总师王维彬还记得,发动机样机研制出来后,发动机试车的结果成为所有人的噩梦,四次发动机试车失败。

2012年,王维彬遭遇了职业生涯中最惨的一次失败。

发动机在试验过程中突然起火爆炸,几秒钟功夫就把一台发动机烧毁。此时已是发动机研制后期阶段,目睹这样的情形,让团队很受打击,许多人心情沉重。

经过艰苦攻关,研制团队终于摸清了发动机试验失败的原因,制服了这只拦路虎。

大结构,也是一只拦路虎。把火箭做大,把箭体直径从3.35米变为5米,并不是简简单单放大。要加工制造5米的箭体结构,需要基础机械加工、贮箱焊接、铆接等所有工装的巨大飞跃,有很多技术难题需要克服。

大结构还给地面试验带来新要求,负责环境和试验的长征五号运载火箭型号副总师朱曦全告诉记者,以前的机床、试验的工位、厂房都已无法满足长征五号的大结构需求,因此长征五号的研制也带动了新的助推器分离试验、整流罩分离试验、静力试验等技术的提升。

长征五号起飞推力达到现役最大规模运载火箭的1.5倍以上,火箭各结构部段受力情况复杂。特别是要解决针对火箭助推器与芯级传力问题,单台助推器不仅要承担近200吨的芯级自重,还需在不足0.1平方米的接触面上承受300余吨的偏置集中力载荷,方案设计难度为我国运载火箭研制史上之最。

十年研制,经过无数次的试验和攻关,终于迎来中国火箭技术的巨大跨越。长征五号的研制不仅标志着长征系列火箭的升级换代,而且带动了整个研制平台和产业链的更新,新建了天津新一代运载火箭制造基地和中国文昌航天发射场。

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