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聚焦中国核燃料后处理:万吨乏燃料咋成了烫手山芋

2016-10-16 17:52:10   科技日报

在天然铀中,仅有不到1%的铀同位素铀235,能够在热中子的作用下发生裂变反应,而占天然铀绝大部分的铀238却不能。这就意味着,铀燃料中有99%的能量未被利用。

因此,核燃料循环后处理就是要回收铀、钚等易裂变材料,以及可以利用的次锕系元素等物质,并制成核燃料组件再次使用,而其他放射性核素固化制成玻璃块状的高放废物封存。

那么,对乏燃料的处理是否意味着打开了“潘多拉魔盒”?

“所有的处理都在常温下进行,这与切尔诺贝利或福岛因为核反应堆高温导致泄露完全不同。”陈靖说,“再配合成熟的临界安全管控措施,处理厂的风险是非常低的。”

专家介绍,后处理厂在操作过程中确实有部分放射性物质进入环境。比如氚,国际惯例是排放到海水中,因为它在海水中天然存在,且“寿命”只有几年,对环境基本没有影响。

法国阿格珐核循环厂多年监测的数据表明,工厂给产业园区附近的公众带来的辐射剂量为0.03毫西弗/年,仅相当于自然辐射量的百分之一。

“建处理厂并非要在当地存放高放废物,最终还是运输到甘肃北山的地下储存基地。”中国原子能科学研究院副院长叶国安告诉记者。

而经过处理,最终“罪大恶极”的“恶魔”比起当初的乏燃料已大大减少,一吨乏燃料处理后高放废物仅有0.2立方米,这将大大减轻地下存放的空间压力。

即将“爆仓”的乏燃料何去何从

“2004年,我们撰写了一个报告,其中讲到我国的乏燃料处理比印度还落后,引起了国家领导人的震惊。”中科院院士柴之芳说。

目前,全球主要的核国家都有乏燃料处理装置,包括法国、美国、英国、俄罗斯、日本。“印度早在十几年前就建成了3个百吨级的处理厂,而我国仅有甘肃一个50吨级的处理厂,远远无法满足商业核电站的乏燃料处理需求。”

没有处理厂,我国商业核电站的乏燃料只能存在水池中,一般核电站的水池设计容量仅能满足其1520年的乏燃料总量。自1991年秦山核电站投运,目前已有多个核电站的水池存满。核电站不得不扩建水池或寻求干法储存,但这些仅是权宜之计。

究竟是什么原因导致核电产业前、后端发展不平衡呢?

“没有持续性投入、缺少国家顶层设计是根源。”陈靖告诉记者,2010年,国家重大专项中设立了乏燃料后处理子项,预算经费68.95亿元,但是到目前只下拨了2.6亿元。

“虽然乏燃料处理写入国家核电发展规划,但是没有细化,无法执行。”叶国安认为,我国乏燃料处理工业化能力较弱,工艺、设备、质控都不能满足连续的、大容量的处理要求。

上世纪70年代,朱永公式院士带领团队研究提出了从高放射性废液中去除锕系元素的TRPO萃取流程,为我国独创,达到国际先进水平,受到国际核能界的高度评价。但是因为工业化研究和后续投入没有跟上,至今仍未转化为处理装置。柴之芳院士不无遗憾地说。

专家们不禁追问:难道无处可去的乏燃料真的将成为我国商业核电发展中的烫手山芋吗?

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