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天宫二号搭载"定时神针":3000万年误差1秒

2016-09-18 01:48:15   北京晨报

■探索

“小蜜蜂”探寻宇宙中最猛烈爆炸

据新华社电一枚外观像盒方形蛋糕,而被科学家昵称为“小蜜蜂”的探测器将“趴”在“天宫二号”的顶部,用它复杂的“眼睛”寻找宇宙中最闪耀的爆炸——伽马射线暴,帮助人类理解这激烈又短暂的瞬间灿烂是如何产生的。

“小蜜蜂”的大名叫天极,英文名POLAR,学名是伽马暴偏振探测仪。

伽马射线暴是来自宇宙空间的伽马射线短时间突然增强的现象。虽然伽马射线暴的持续时间长者只有数百秒,短者更是不足数十毫秒,但期间释放的能量几乎抢了整个宇宙的风头,瞬时亮度甚至有可能胜过全宇宙其他天体的总和。

伽马暴的发现颇具传奇色彩。美国在1963年发射了探测伽马光子的Vela系列军事卫星,以监测冷战对手苏联核试验时所产生的伽马光子。这些卫星却意外地发现了许多既不是来自地球,也不是来自太阳,而是来自宇宙空间的伽马射线爆发现象。这些令人“意想不到”的发现打开了伽马暴研究领域的大门。目前伽马暴比较公认的成因是与宇宙中接近光速的喷流现象有关。一些观点认为这种喷流是在大质量恒星死亡的过程中产生的,也有人猜测是两个致密天体如中子星的合并产生的。这两种过程一般都伴随着黑洞的产生。

迄今科学家发现的所有伽马暴都远在银河系之外。如果地球附近出现伽马暴,并且地球处在其释放路径上,那么地球上的生命将遭遇灭顶之灾。尽管难以确认,但是伽马暴可能是导致奥陶纪大灭绝事件(第一次生物大灭绝)的原因之一。这个事件致使85%的海洋生物灭绝。伽马暴甚至可能是人类还未发现外星生命的一个原因,这些外星生命或许已经被意外的伽马暴毁灭了。

责任编辑:李东舰 CN031
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