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长征七号返回舱形似金属不倒翁 下午仰卧回地面

2016-06-26 15:41:14   法制晚报

第二天的下午,返回舱安全返回着陆,才算是最终的成功。

形似金属不倒翁“仰卧”回地面

新一代多用途载人飞船缩比返回舱身高2.6米,体重2.8吨。如果说神舟飞船的外观是“钟罩式”,那么多用途返回舱看起来更像一个头部窄巧、底部敦实的“金属不倒翁”。再入大气层的飞行过程中它将采取大底朝前、小头朝后的“仰卧”姿势回到地面。

我国新一代飞船返回舱为圆锥侧壁加球冠大底的结构构型,其结构主体分为顶部、侧壁、大底三部分。

顶部是返回舱的主要承力部件,需在返回段开伞过程中抵抗严苛的冲击载荷。顶部有伞舱、弹射器、GNSS 天线、黑障天线等设备。

侧壁包括防热层、蜂窝板和壁板,其中防热层有4块,并与蜂窝板粘贴在一起,再用螺接的方式与壁板上的筋相连接。侧壁上主要安装有姿态控制、气动测量功能的设备。

大底是缓冲着陆冲击载荷的关键部位,由内外两层蒙皮以及夹筋桁条组成。大底由金属大底和防热大底两部分组成,其中金属大底上主要安装有信息管理、能源管理、回收、气动测量等功能的设备;防热大底上布设了气动测量功能设备。

由于新飞船质量的显著增加,目前的长征2号F火箭已经无法满足发射要求,未来新飞船将会由长征七号火箭和长征五号火箭发射。

航天科技集团空间技术研究院多用途飞船缩比返回舱技术负责人杨雷表示,“以后要去登月,或者去更远的火星,它需要对飞船的能力提出更高的要求,他们现在就提前做了一些技术的准备,是这样一个目的。”

如同高铁的流线形外观能帮助提速,航天器在高速状态下,微小的外形差别将对飞行产生很大的影响。杨雷介绍,地面的模拟仿真、实物检验、风洞试验等多种手段,都不如上天飞行试验准确,这也是此次任务的意义所在。

使用双层热防护设计可重复利用

杨雷表示,他们设置了一套新的系统,利用该系统可实现从大气层外载入飞行器采集数据,通过直接测量整个飞行过程的气动参数,可以为后续建立飞船的气动数据库。

此外,要想实现低成本的天地往返、宇宙通勤,可重复使用是技术的关键。缩比返回舱使用了“金属结构 防热结构”的双层热防护设计,就像汽车空调滤芯更换,被大气层灼烧返回地面后,防热结构可拆卸、可更换。

杨雷解释,过去防热结构和金属密封结构都是做在一起的,现在是分成两块。飞船返回之后可以把它换掉,再换一个新的,金属结构可以重复使用,在以后的运营成本上就会有一个明显的降低。

据法制晚报(微信ID:fzwb_52165216)记者了解,一旦缩比返回舱相关技术得到验证,将为我国新一代多用途飞船再添利器。新一代多用途飞船将比神舟飞船搭乘多一倍左右的航天员到达更远的深空,满足未来载人登月、载人探火等任务,根据不同任务设置飞船布局。

杨雷介绍,比如去空间站,未来飞行可能两天就要对接,或者再快的已经做到6小时对接。这时候就不需要换衣服或者上厕所,一些空间可能就不需要这些布局。但是比如要进行探月任务,最少得需要10天的时间,可能就得需要给人一个隐私的空间,所以是根据任务需求最后定里边的空间布局的。

文/记者李文姬部分综合央广新闻

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