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为解决能源问题,中国核聚变科学家要人造太阳(图)

2016-04-30 12:11:45   北京日报

1998年等离子体所成立团队,目标是建设世界首个全超导非圆截面核聚变装置EAST,它的中文名字“东方超环”寄予着中国科学界的巨大期望。

等离子体所成立12个研究室,两个技术支撑中心,攻克一个个难关。绝缘子是核心部件,这种只有圆珠笔大小的部件需要几百个,国外报价一个上千美元。科学家们咬咬牙:“太贵了,不信这个东西我们自己做不成!”于是,潘皖江博士带领一个小组,历时3年,终于将绝缘子研制成功。

2006年9月,中国自主设计建造的EAST建成,并完成了首次成功放电,获得电流200千安、时间接近3秒的高温等离子体放电。与国际同类实验装置相比,它在当时获得四项世界“第一”,即使用资金最少、建设速度最快、投入运行最早、运行后获得等离子放电最快。

由美、法等国在20世纪80年代中期发起的、旨在建立世界上第一个受控热核聚变实验反应堆的ITER计划也正是在这时才将中国吸纳为七方合作成员之一。“现在每年上千人次的国外科学家来我们所开展国际合作。而10年以前,都是我们远赴国外跟人家学习。”中科院等离子体所常务副所长宋云涛说。

渴望用核聚变能点亮第一盏灯

核聚变实验堆的设计和建设是一件十分复杂、艰巨的工程。宋云涛说,EAST的建成让中国在超导技术上走在世界前列,但要为ITER计划贡献中国力量,为中国未来建造自己的核聚变商用实验堆奠定基础,“关键技术和部件一定要100%国产化!”

“我们花了将近十年不断完善EAST,现在这个装置里几乎每一个部件都是我们自己做的。”李建刚说,“2016年1月EAST成功实现了电子温度超过5千万度、持续时间达102秒的超高温长脉冲等离子体放电。这是国际托卡马克实验装置在电子温度达到5千万度时,持续时间最长的等离子体放电。五千万度什么概念?比太阳中心部的温度还要高近三倍。”

宋云涛介绍说,等离子体所还承担了ITER计划9%采购包任务。截至目前,中国科学家攻克了采购包任务中遇到的所有技术难关。我国交付ITER计划的采购包部件实现了100%国产化,而且全部一次性100%合格,并按期交付。ITER组织两任总干事对中方的评价是“中国在采购包的研发、生产方面领先于各方”。

“我这一辈子,做了将近二十万次‘人造太阳’的实验,有将近四万次失败了。这是一个非常漫长的过程。尽管一百秒放电离一千秒、一万秒,离无限量商用还很远,但是我们会一直往下走。”55岁的李建刚院士说,“我的梦想就是在有生之年,有一盏灯泡被核聚变能点亮,这一盏灯泡一定要在中国!”

新华社记者蔡敏朱青(据新华社合肥4月29日电)

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