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事业单位养老金不明 部分省不足企业养老金一半

2016-04-20 02:26:25    第一财经日报

李大爷说,与以前相比,现在的医院效益不错,不涨退休金主要还是政府的政策不允许涨。

此次同步上调养老金待遇将解决不同群体之间养老金调整的乱象。人社部社会保障研究所所长金维刚在接受官媒采访时表示,经济发达、财政状况好的地区,机关事业单位退休人员待遇调整幅度相对较高、调整频率较快,而一些欠发达地区机关事业单位退休人员待遇可能多年不调一次。有的省份,相邻的两个市,机关事业单位退休人员待遇调整幅度和频率有很大差别。

金维刚说,对于机关事业单位退休人员,统一调整有利于平衡地区差。今后,上述状况将得到改变,机关事业单位退休人员养老金上调更有保障。

此次调整不仅是“并轨”后机关事业单位退休人员基本养老金首次上调,也是上世纪90年代企业养老保险制度改革以来,企业和机关事业单位首次按照统一的办法调整待遇。预计将有8500多万企业退休人员、1700多万机关事业单位退休人员受益。

人社部认为,同步调整消除了企业和机关事业单位在待遇调整安排上的不平衡,迈出了统筹各类退休人员待遇调整的第一步。

 待遇差距是否能缩小

养老金并轨是这一轮顶层设计中最重要的一项改革,并轨虽然实现了制度的统一,机关事业单位和企业采取一样的养老保险制度,但这项改革能否在短时间内达到民众所期待的抹平两者之间待遇差距的效果?

并轨之前,企业和机关事业单位退休人员待遇差距的原因主要是两者的资金来源和计发办法不同。机关事业单位人员的退休费直接与在职工资挂钩,通常按照工龄来打八折或是九折,公务员和参公管理的事业单位最高可以达到9.5折。

企业退休人员的养老金待遇则是根据一套养老金计发公式计算而来,由于受到个人账户空账的影响,近年来养老金替代率呈现逐年下降的趋势。

中国人民大学公共管理学院教授董克用的研究显示,在制度建立之初,基本养老保险替代率维持在70%左右,然而2000年以后,基本养老保险替代率持续下降,从1997年的70.79%下降到了2014年的45%,已经处于国际劳工组织公约划定的养老金替代率警戒线之内。

为了遏制替代率的下降,保障企业退休人员的生活水平不下降,也为了缩小企业和机关事业单位人员退休待遇的差距,政府连续11年以行政化的命令上调企业退休人员的养老金。

然而,行政化调整养老金待遇却让养老基金不堪重负,同时还造成了在职职工和退休人员的收入出现“倒挂”。一位地方社保局长向本报记者表示,养老金的连年上涨一方面加剧了基金收支不平衡,另一方面还出现了退休之后会比在职时高几百元,早退的拿得比晚退的还要多的情况,企业职工都想办法要尽早退休。

“并轨”后,机关事业单位退休人员待遇调整不再与同职级在职职工增长工资直接挂钩,一旦和企业职工采取同样的养老金计发办法,待遇是否会发生变化也有待观察。

机关事业养老保险改革意见同时要求“职业年金与基本养老保险制度同步建立”,这表明未来职业年金将成为机关事业单位人员的标配,用于弥补加入基本养老金保险之后替代率下降的缺口,最终达到改革之后养老待遇不降低的目标。

从目前的制度设计来看,由于职业年金是全面建立而企业年金却依然只是少数国企才享有,“并轨”之后企业和机关事业单位虽执行相同的制度,但两者养老金的水平仍然可能会有一些差距。

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