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北京红警启动两天降霾1至3成 明天污染达峰值

2015-12-21 04:02:50    京华时报

昨天,东三环国贸桥东侧。京华时报记者周民摄

原标题:“红警”启动两天降霾10%-30%

昨天是北京启动空气重污染红色预警措施第二日,全市3570个施工工地按照要求停止室外施工作业,部分企事业单位根据空气重污染情况还实行了弹性工作制,但违反单双号行驶的车辆数量仍十分可观,市公安交管局通报称,昨天发现违反限行规定行为2.15万起。两天来,已累计查处违反限行规定车辆达4.38万辆。

昨天,市环境保护监测中心向记者介绍,通过初步评估,此次“红警”应对措施启动以来,北京PM2.5的浓度降低10%~30%左右,尤其是在峰值期间减排效果更为明显。

□关注

  空气质量

  污染水平呈“南高北低”

昨天上午,北京市环保监测中心主任张大伟向媒体介绍了此次污染过程的现状、未来发展趋势以及对“红警”启动后的减排效果。据介绍,19日白天,北京PM2.5平均浓度水平处于四级中度污染级别,但是南北差异较大,北部处于轻度污染水平,城区为中度污染,南部已经达到重度污染水平。从19日入夜开始,全市浓度呈缓慢上升趋势,19日晚7点到昨天上午,北京PM2.5平均浓度达到五级重度污染级别,但南北差异依旧明显,北部为四级中度污染,城区为五级重度污染,南部为六级严重污染水平。

张大伟表示,昨天夜间,北京大气仍维持稳定的状态,风力不大,有明显逆温,扩散条件不利,预计污染将继续加重,处于重度污染水平。

 >>预报

  明天严重污染达峰值

今天上午至中午时段,北部郊区受弱高压系统作用,湿度略有下降,能见度会有所好转,预计北部部分时段浓度会有所下降,但对市区和南部地区的影响不大,整体空气质量还将维持重度污染水平。

明天,我市受低压系统影响,以偏南风为主,湿度大,本地扩散条件较差,同时污染水平在区域高浓度背景下进一步升高,预计空气污染将处于重度至严重污染水平,到达此次污染过程峰值,PM2.5浓度将超过300微克/立方米。

23日上午开始,在冷空气作用下,空气质量逐步转好,24日空气质量将达到优良水平。

  “红警”效果

  PM2.5浓度降幅明显

19日7时起,北京启动了本月的第二个“红警”,全市实施了机动车单双号行驶、工业企业停限产、施工工地停止室外施工作业等强制性措施。“红警”之下,减排措施效果如何?昨天,市环保监测中心透露了对前两日减排措施初步的效果评估。

张大伟表示,PM2.5的组分里,包括有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐。其中,有机物中有一部分来自二次转化,但更多是机动车和燃煤的一次排放,而硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐三种成分主要来自气态污染物二次转化。

“19日措施启动后,污染物的浓度累积,尤其是二次转化部分幅度明显放缓。”张大伟说,19日7时红警启动后至昨天上午10时,PM2.5实际监测浓度比不采取措施的数值模拟浓度在不同时段下降了10%到30%,尤其是对峰值减排效果比较明显。

>>解读“启动早”致减排效果明显

为什么此次减排措施的效果如何明显?张大伟表示,这主要得益于三个方面。一是应急减排措施启动时间早。这次红色预警从19日7点就开始启动,在大气转入静稳状态初期就开始采取减排措施,使污染积累量明显减少。据介绍,昨天上午,北京已启动红色预警,但北京PM2.5平均浓度水平仍处于四级中度污染级别,尚未到达重污染水平。

二是应急措施力度较大。按照北京市空气重污染应急预案,根据预测预报,这次污染过程直接启动了最高级别的红色预警,在工业、燃煤、机动车等各方面都采取了最为严格的减排措施。而不是像上次那样从“橙色”预警升级到“红色”预警。

三是区域联动启动时间早。据了解,在19日早上7时北京启动红色预警时,河北、天津等多个城市已先于或同步于北京启动橙色以上空气重污染应急预警,在整个区域层面降低了污染源排放强度,减缓了污染增长速度,使得区域污染浓度一定程度上有所下降,对北京的重污染程度的减轻也起到了积极的作用。

  □追问

  南北空气质量差多少?

  南北之间空气质量差“两级”

张大伟介绍,这次重污染过程以来,12月18日凌晨,南部地区就已达到重污染,但城区和北部在18日白天基本还是“蓝天白云”,空气质量维持在优良水平。18日夜间开始,逆温增强,受偏南风输送影响,城区PM2.5浓度开始抬升。19日白天,北京“红警”启动,但北部仍在3级轻度污染水平,城区为4级中度污染,南部为5级重度污染,南北PM2.5浓度相差两个等级。

19日夜间到昨天上午,污染加重,南部跌入6级严重污染,城区5级重度,北部4级中度污染,南北空气质量依旧相差两个等级。而据预报,今天上午至中午时段,北部郊区受弱冷空气影响,能见度会有所好转,部分时段浓度还会有所下降,但弱冷空气对市区和南部地区影响不大。

 本月哪次污染更严重?

  本次污染峰值更高影响更广

张大伟表示,与上次污染过程相比,此次污染过程要略有偏重,持续时间稍长,峰值浓度更高,区域层面上,影响范围与上次相当,甚至更大。

张大伟说,此次污染过程中逆温强度也比上次强,地面温度低于高空,导致垂直方向扩散能力下降。扩散条件最差的应该是22日,整个区域非常弱的风,特别是22日夜间,北京周边出现大范围静风区,污染物积累速度非常快,预计22日峰值浓度将超过300微克/立方米。

 今年空气是否比去年差?

  PM2.5平均浓度同比降10%

张大伟说,11月以来,北京发生了4次空气重污染,一共14天,平均PM2.5浓度241微克/立方米,对全年的年均浓度贡献高达6.5个微克,直接拉低全年改善7个百分点。“可以说空气重污染两天,就导致年均改善率减少1%,所以重污染过程对全年空气质量任务完成挑战压力比较大。”张大伟说,之前说“以一当十”,就是一级天的时候PM2.5日平均浓度20微克/立方米,重污染时日平均浓度就是200微克/立方米以上,所以1个重污染天的浓度相当于10个一级天浓度的总和。

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