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丹东一号确认为清“致远”舰 瓷器碎成关键铁证

2015-09-29 05:25:02   京华时报

丹东海域发现甲午海战沉船。

据央视报道去年,国家考古人员在丹东黄海海域发现了一艘疑似中日甲午海战沉没战舰,其具体身份引发关注和猜测。最近一组瓷器碎片的意外出水,成为了破解“丹东一号”身份之谜的关键:篆书“致远”二字,确认它就是100多年前清北洋水师的“致远”舰。

今年8月,国家文物局开始对“丹东一号”进行重点调查和打捞。经过一个多月的水下摸索,水下考古队已打捞起一百多件文物。让考古队员没有想到的是,一组瓷器碎片的意外出水,成为了破解“丹东一号”身份之谜的关键铁证。考古队员们对最新打捞上来的瓷盘碎片进行初步拼接,随着圆形瓷盘的形状被大体拼出来,盘子正中间一个并不明显的图案字样出现在眼前。水下考古队领队周春水说,拿起来斜着光仔细看才能看见,中间就是“致远”的繁体字。

周春水表示,这样直接写明“致远”两个字的证据在“丹东一号”的考古进展中还是首次,这等于提供了“致远”舰确切的直接证据。

周春水介绍,“致远”舰和姊妹舰“靖远”舰都是由英国公司设计建造,配备的全套餐具也是特别定制。出自“靖远”舰的一组餐具,盘子中央部位标明船名“靖远”。以此作为对比,瓷盘碎片经拼接后出现的同为篆书的“致远”标记,就成为了锁定“致远”舰的铁证。

考古人员除了在水下对船体周围抽取泥沙之外,还从泥沙中打捞出大量与沉船有关的文物。周春水介绍,相关文物有60余种100多件,主要分为3大类:船载武器、船体构件和船员生活用品,其中包括10管格林机关炮及子弹、望远镜目镜、毛瑟步枪子弹、引擎室残片、船上的铁链,道光通宝、嘉庆通宝等钱币也陆续被提取。

周春水说,今年以来出水的文物都是在抽沙过程中从泥沙中剥离出来的,考古还没有正式进入文物大规模提取阶段。并且为了保存沉船船体结构,考古队并未对散落在海水中的大块船体甲片进行捞取。

>>链接

“丹东一号”身份之谜

鸭绿江口西南约50公里丹东黄海海域,曾为1894年中日甲午海战时的交战海区。121年前,清北洋水师有4艘战舰沉没在甲午海战交战区,它们是致远、经远、超勇和扬威舰。在甲午海战中,邓世昌所率的“致远”舰为掩护受到猛烈攻击的旗舰“定远”,毅然冲向敌军战舰,全舰官兵除7人获救外,全部壮烈殉国。

2013年11月、2014年4月,国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心和辽宁省文物考古研究所联合在该海域进行水下考古调查,重点是1894年中日甲午战争大东沟海战沉没战舰。2014年,考古人员发现了一艘疑似中日甲午海战沉没战舰,由于对其具体身份尚不十分明确,故将其暂命名为“丹东一号”。

2014年8月至10月,两机构再次启动对“丹东一号”沉船的水下考古调查工作。运用科技手段,推测出沉舰体量约为1500吨,埋深3米左右。铁质残片所用的铁(钢)板材料为炒钢。通过大量的抽沙与测绘,已陆续确认沉舰两侧弦边、艉部、桅杆及部分沉船遗物。在沉船现场还陆续发现钢炮(主炮)、子弹、炮弹、10管格林机关炮等。

水下测绘图显示,舰体绝大部分深埋于沙下,探明长度从桅杆至艉部约50米,宽约9米至10米,船体外壳为铁板构造。铁板以铆钉连接,两侧舷边多因崩塌而平摊沙层中。船体外轮廓形态尚可,但船舱受战火及其他因素影响受损较大。抽沙后,填土中多见碎木板、弯曲移位的铁板,并有多处火烧迹象,这些均与史料吻合。

根据此前掌握的证据,有关专家倾向于“丹东一号”就是“致远”舰。

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120年前甲午海战沉没战舰“丹东一号”被发现

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