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人民日报:一些贫者正从暂时贫困走向跨代贫穷

2015-01-23 05:48:17   

国家统计局最新数据表明,2014年,全国居民收入基尼系数为0.469,低于2013年的0.473,实现“六连降”。全年农村居民人均可支配收入实际增速快于城镇居民2.4个百分点,城乡居民收入倍差2.75,比上年缩小0.06。

李实则认为,中国改革开放30多年,经济一直保持高速增长,低收入群体的收入也在增加。因此,尽管贫富差距不断拉大,但“二维效应”发生了作用,许多人一方面对富人收入增长较快不满,另一方面又对自己的收入增加感到慰藉,社会心态相对稳定。

但专家们也提出,经济发展步入新常态,贫富差距的老问题、新情况相互交织,亟须更好地研究、应对。

“经济发展步入新常态,从高速增长转为中高速增长,强调‘质量更好、结构更优’的增长,更依赖于资本、技术带来的创新驱动,这对劳动密集型产业影响较大,会进一步影响非技术、低学历、低技能人才的就业和收入。”李实认为,未来几年低端劳动力的工资收入不会像前几年那样增长较快,甚至有可能下降。如果不加快改革,统筹考量我国的就业结构、社会保障、收入分配和再分配政策,可以预见到收入差距会越来越大。

刘元春表示,贫富差距近年来还有一个新情况值得重视。“以往谈贫富差距、收入差距,城乡之间的差距是核心。从2006年开始,城镇内部的贫富差距拉大,由于资本存量不公带来财富增量不公,比如说房地产价格的快速上涨,使房产快速增值。资本赚钱越来越容易,劳动赚钱越来越困难,经济生活的变动往往给富者带来发财的机会,给贫者带来损失。”

此外,贫富差距已具有一定的稳定性,并形成了阶层和代际转移,一些贫者正从暂时贫困走向长期贫困和跨代贫穷。如果不想办法改变这一情况,贫富差距便会趋向稳定化和制度化,成为一种很难改变的社会结构,社会阶层流动通道也将被严重堵塞。

研究表明,收入差距过大,会降低一个国家的平均消费倾向,消费不足会带来内需不足,从而导致经济增长缓慢;还会影响到低收入人群的人力资本的积累。收入差距过大会导致社会成员之间,特别是穷人和富人之间,难以建立相互信任的关系。更为重要的是,它会使赖以实现机会均等的制度和政策失灵,威胁社会的稳定和经济的持续发展。“根据世界银行的划分标准,人均国民收入超过1.2万美元就是一个高收入国家。如果比较顺利一点,可能在5—10年我国就能成为一个高收入国家。但收入分配差距过大,是必须下大力气解决的问题。否则将大大增加我们掉入中等收入陷阱的风险。”李实说。

其他国家的贫富差距情况(链接)

据了解,在欧美发达国家中,美国的贫富差距比较显著。欧洲国家的基尼系数大部分在0.3—0.4之间,美国2007年的基尼系数达0.45,2013年基尼系数约0.47。在亚洲地区,马来西亚、菲律宾、中国的基尼系数较高,在0.5左右。日本、韩国的基尼系数约为0.26。拉美地区,巴西、阿根廷的基尼系数较高,均大于0.5;非洲基尼系数较高的国家集中在南非,基尼系数约为0.6。

2008年金融危机之后,全球都很关注贫富差距现象。根据联合国经合组织的统计,全球的劳动报酬占GDP的比重已从50%下降到30%,说明全球的贫富差距水平都在拉大。国际上近年来关于节制资本、限制金融高管收入的呼声都很强烈,欧美等国家对此也采取了一系列举措。

(冯华)

《 人民日报 》( 2015年01月23日 17 版)

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