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美联储释放强烈“鸽派”信号意味深长

2019-02-22 08:54:28   北京青年报 

北京时间21日(周四)凌晨,备受全球市场关注的美联储1月货币政策会议纪要公布,主要内容包括:一是2019年下半年结束缩表成为大概率事件;二是是否加息存在不确定性,与会者在加息上存在分歧;三是对去年年末股市动荡和金融市场的波动性以及投资者的担心表示关切。相比上一次美联储议息会议,本次会议的“鸽派”信号更强,不仅加息成了未知数,而且缩表也可能终止。

美联储发出的新信号,提振了市场信心。全球股市微涨,美股小幅收高,道指涨逾60点。富时100、法国CAC40、德国DAX均现不同程度涨幅。热门中概股多数收涨。

美联储也少有地进行了自我“检讨”。据报道,美联储对去年美股迫近技术性熊市的原因进行了剖析。除了年末流动性太差、投资者情绪恶化、市场担心金融市场波动外,美联储也承认对全球经济的糟糕情况了解得“不清楚”。一直以来,特朗普批评美联储加息缩表——货币紧缩政策,让他引以为豪的“特朗普行情”陷入熊市。甚至特朗普一度要炒掉美联储主席鲍威尔的饭碗,鲍威尔也表示出不会向特朗普屈服,去年依然按照自己的节奏进行了加息缩表。但不得不说,鲍威尔在对美国股市和市场基本面的预判上不如特朗普更敏感。

特朗普和鲍威尔对货币政策的分歧都是基于市场数据——特朗普看重的是股市的波动,鲍威尔关注的则是通胀率、消费、就业等经济指标。资本市场的即期表现和市场基本面的中远期表现是不一致的。在此情势下,鲍威尔自认为正确的加息缩表,反而引发了股市的震动和投资者的焦虑。美国股市的迫近熊市又对全球市场形成了风险传导,基于此,鲍威尔不得不改变美联储货币政策的节奏。在之前的议息会议上,美联储已经决定“耐心加息”,本次议息会议的鸽派信号更强化了鲍威尔向金融市场妥协的特征。

美股带动全球股市微涨,似乎再次验证了特朗普市场预判的正确。不过,从特朗普“美国优先”和“自己优先”的一贯立场看,他需要的是短期政绩,而且在和对手博弈时相当任性。虽然美联储向市场妥协了,但也损害了美联储专业性和独立性的声誉。尤其是鲍威尔,在随后的决策中,恐怕会受到白宫更多的掣肘和来自市场的绑架,这并不符合美联储的决策思路。

市场往往容易形成连锁反应,美国市场的惊恐情绪,虽从股市上表现出来,而且和美联储的货币政策形成了逻辑关系,但从根本上讲,特朗普的贸易保护主义以及和主要贸易伙伴发生的贸易摩擦,是美国市场陷入不确定性的主因。

美国股市已经维持大牛市十年之久,市场具有周期性,正常波动是符合市场规律的。去年美国经济前三季度呈现上升趋势,美联储的加息缩表并无错误。第四节度美国经济呈现下滑趋势,除了美国贸易保护主义的影响,也有美国府院矛盾和两党恶斗的原因。此外,特朗普首轮减税政策对股市的刺激效应减弱,中期选举后特朗普又难以推动新的减税政策,也让市场和投资者对美国市场失去持久信心。美联储的加息缩表,只是激活了市场和投资者的焦虑而已。

从美联储的决策看,华尔街金融危机已经过去了十年多的时间,危机周期的货币政策不可能持续下去,否则美国市场一直维持在危机周期内,即使从经济周期的常识看,这也是不现实的。从耶伦时代到鲍威尔接手,美联储的货币政策——加息缩表已经非常稳健了,但是鲍威尔遇上了特朗普,即使美联储也难逃政治压力。是让美国货币政策回归常态,还是为了短期市场服务,美联储还是拗不过权力的施压。

白宫和美联储的矛盾,也给美联储提出了新命题。美联储在秉持专业性和独立性的同时,也应关切市场短期变化,因应市场形势在原则性和灵活性上维持平衡。

原标题:美联储释放强烈“鸽派”信号意味深长

责任编辑:闫宪宝 CN066
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