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杜特尔特扯出美菲百年爱恨 哪些菲律宾人反美?

2016-09-21 08:43:31   中国网

资料图:美菲“肩并肩”军演

原标题:杜特尔特扯出美菲百年爱恨哪些菲律宾人反美?

菲律宾总统杜特尔特最近因不满美国干涉自己重拳禁毒、对菲人权等问题说三道四,骂完美驻菲大使又骂美总统,这还不够,这位看上去很“记仇”的总统还威胁要对美军下“驱逐令”。在政治制度、语言、文化等方面,菲律宾过去100多年深受美国影响,“比美国人更爱美国”的阿基诺三世卸任后,杜特尔特一上来就与美国争吵不断,无疑给菲美关系增添了变数。杜特尔特频频向美国发难只是因个人恩怨,还是代表着身后部分菲律宾人对美的真实情绪?对不愿意再做美国“棕色小兄弟”的菲律宾人来说,对美国真的是有些“爱恨交加”。

达沃议员:我们爱美国,但更爱我们的“市长”

菲律宾人天性乐观。除无处不在的微笑和天主教信仰带来的温顺性格外,这种“乐观”还夹杂着些许与世无争的慵懒和自我麻痹;对这个民族而言,恨比爱难。这种特性,投射到历史上几任殖民者,尤其是美国人的身上,则是种特殊又复杂的心理。

马尼拉罗哈斯大道有处标志性景点——黎刹公园,是为纪念反抗西班牙殖民统治牺牲的“菲律宾国父”黎刹而建。1896年12月30日,西班牙殖民者枪杀了这位年仅35岁的反西志士。在马尼拉等地,反映西班牙殖民历史的雕塑还有不少。但相比之下,有关美国殖民历史的雕塑却十分鲜见。

“菲律宾当时更像是美国的一个州,美国人很精明地将自己塑造成施助者而不是殖民者的形象。”菲律宾移工权益提倡中心负责人艾伦·桑娜告诉《环球时报》记者。桑娜说,他们在菲律宾推广美式教育体系,塑造菲律宾人的美式思维,尤其是英语的普及,直到今日影响至深。上世纪初,凭借语言优势,第一批“菲劳”先驱漂洋过海前往夏威夷,在菠萝园开始异国务工生涯。如今在美菲籍劳工和侨民超过300万。菲律宾海外劳工汇回国内的收入已占到菲国内生产总值的1/10。不仅菲劳,大量怀抱“美国梦”的菲精英阶层也到美镀金。从前总统拉莫斯到阿罗约,从阿基诺夫人到阿基诺三世,直至现任参众议员、部长级官员……据粗略统计,单是菲律宾政界官员,在美国接受过教育的人士就有一半以上。现如今,美国仍是广大菲律宾人留学、移民的首选。

走在马尼拉街头,美式快餐、西点店随处可见;各大电影院线内,好莱坞大片几乎与美国同步上映;英美流行歌曲常年占据各大音乐排行榜,酒吧里时常能听到全场人合唱这些歌……跨越语言的门槛,美式文化已渗透到菲律宾民众日常生活中。平时接触亦可明显感觉到,民众英文水准与受教育程度成正比,一口标准的美式发音,也常常成为年轻人自豪的标榜。凭借英文优势,菲律宾近年吸引了大批呼叫中心外包业务入驻,2013年成功赶超印度,成为目前世界最大的呼叫中心产业基地,如今规模还在不断上涨。在菲律宾第二大城市宿务,有很多所学费低廉的英文培训学校,吸引了大批韩国人和日本人前来。

杜特尔特曾在菲南部棉兰老岛最大城市达沃任市长25年。《环球时报》记者曾到杜特尔特的这个“根据地”采访,发现达沃和其他菲律宾城市一样,没有什么反美印记。对已经当上总统的“明星市长”杜特尔特,当地人仍是推崇备至,提到他时仍喜欢称为“市长”。一位不愿透露姓名的达沃市议员说:“我们和其他菲律宾人一样,爱美国,但更爱我们的‘市长’。”两年多前,杜特尔特刚透露有竞选总统之意愿时,就获得大量粉丝的支持;如今杜特尔特叫板美国,在“人权”等问题上受到攻击时,达沃民众同样坚定地站在“市长”一方。这位议员透露说,杜特尔特早期与美国结怨,源自数年前达沃一家酒店爆炸案。据悉,爆炸案与美方有关,后来美国使馆未经时任市长杜特尔特允许,就将嫌犯带走,这让“十分注重面子”的杜特尔特耿耿于怀。大选期间,美国大使支持其他政党候选人以及批评杜特尔特人权问题的言论,让其本人和美国驻菲大使的关系降到冰点。

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