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联合国秘书长竞选人公开面试 4名女性撑半边天

2016-04-13 07:40:13   华商网

揭秘联合国秘书长选举规则

“世界的总管”

小国出任大国认同地区轮换

联合国秘书长到底有多大权力?今年会选出女秘书长吗?昨晚,华商报记者连线中国人民大学国际关系学院副院长金灿荣,解读联合国秘书长选举背后的那些事。

1。为何是小国参选?

金灿荣告诉华商报记者,在选联合国秘书长时,有条不成文的规定,五大常任理事国(中、美、俄、法、英)不得参加联合国秘书长的竞争。到目前为止已有的8任联合国秘书长中,没有一人来自传统的政治大国。因为五大常任理事国不会眼睁睁地看着他们五个中的一个成为话事人,上任后做出偏好某个大国的决定,会形成不平衡。

金灿荣说,因为联合国秘书长当选需要安理会2/3以上票数通过,五大常任理事国一致同意。如果有一个常任理事国不同意,就会被一票否决。之前也曾出现过来自大国的候选人,但都被一票否决了,因此形成小国出任的惯例。此外,还有一个惯例,联合国秘书长的人选根据地区轮换(各大洲人选轮流担任)。联合国成立以来经历了8任秘书长,其中欧洲3人,非洲2人,亚洲2人,南美洲1人,因此这次东欧候选人的呼声较高。整体来说,联合国秘书长选举的原则就是小国出任,大国认同,实现地区轮换,这次选举应该也不会改变。

2。权力有多大?

联合国秘书长的任期为五年,可连任,常被看作是“世界的总管”。

金灿荣表示,联合国是一个相对有国际法意义的国际组织,作为它的一把手,联合国秘书长有相当的道义权威,但实际权力非常有限,这个职位其实就是级别最高的国际公务员。作为政治象征,每当世界上有大事发生,联合国秘书长都要以联合国的名义进行表态,同时也利用这一身份对有外交争端的各方进行斡旋协调。

联合国的秘书处其实是联合国在世界范围内所有行政机构的统称,秘书长的地位相当于联合国秘书处这家拥有4.3万名员工的跨国公司的CEO,实际上并没有什么实权。身为联合国秘书长,其实他连自己的副手是谁都决定不了。十几位分管不同事务的副秘书长,表面上是秘书长任命的左右手,其实这项任命只是走个形式。重要的副秘书长职位实际上长期为大国所把持。通常,五个常任理事国都在副秘书长中有一个职位,美国、法国籍的副秘书长往往主管安保、维和事务部这样的重要部门。

此外,联合国的经费由各会员国依照大会分配限额担负。在联合国的权力架构里,这句话的潜台词是,拿多少钱,秘书长得看“大户”的脸色。美国承担着联合国超过1/5的会费,拖欠会费、抵制预算是它控制联合国的常见招数。许多秘书长都有向美国讨会费的经历。

3。待遇如何?

在待遇方面,联合国秘书长享受着国家首脑的待遇。据韩国《朝鲜日报》报道,联合国秘书长的官方年薪约为23万美元。如果再加上秘书长个人活动的办公费及警卫费,一年拿到手的钱会超过30万美元。

至于住处,就和美国总统住在白宫、英国首相住在唐宁街10号一样,联合国秘书长也有自己的官邸。它位于美国曼哈顿市郊,离联合国总部很近,每天可步行上班。官邸是一座建有后花园的4层连体别墅,总面积1300平方米。它原先是为纽约金融家摩根的女儿建造的,1972年捐赠给联合国。秘书长只需象征性地一年交1美元的“房租”就可入住。

安保方面,联合国秘书长享受24小时的全天安全保护,有专门的警卫随身保护。韩国媒体报道称,在潘基文的第二个任期内,韩国现代汽车公司还为他打造了一款防弹的雅科仕汽车。

4。会出现女秘书长?

联合国成立70年来,8任秘书长均为男性。为此,一些联合国会员国呼吁任命一位女性秘书长。

金灿荣表示,尽管女性候选人呼声很高,但联合国秘书长竞选的主要原则不离其宗,地区轮换,加小国出任,这个惯例改不了。但对于是否到了出现女秘书长的时机,潮流对出现女秘书长是有利的。但这牵扯到安理会五个常任理事国的大国利益,情况就变复杂了。出现一个女秘书长的可能性大一点,但是它不是一个确定因素,五个常任理事国最终同不同意很难说。

责任编辑:翟明 CN040
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