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艾森豪威尔:找不到任何理由不使用核武器

2017-02-03 10:55:22   两弹一星历史研究会

然而,艾森豪威尔也有自己的忧虑。尽管这一先撤军再封锁的方案可能会使美国摆脱在金门和马祖问题上的困境,但它会使美国在公海上活受罪。他知道,中国决不会声明放弃台湾作为中国的一部分,也不会放弃用武力解放台湾的可能选择。进行海上封锁,固然比呆在孤岛上被动防御挨打要好,但美国将不得不无限期地维持一场耗资巨大的战争行动,中国也决不会对这一公开侮辱毫无反应。

因此,艾森豪威尔在犹豫再三之后,对杜勒斯的这一计划作了一些修改才予以批准。艾森豪威尔强调,美国绝对不能逼蒋介石干他所不愿意干的事情,应当由国民党人自己去决定他们坚守还是放弃金门和马祖。艾森豪威尔和杜勒斯自信其计划“将在最大程度上使世界舆论对美国有利”。

在会见蒋介石以前,雷德福和罗伯特森与兰金“大使”商议,要向蒋介石交代计划的详情:如果国民党军从金门和马祖撤走,美国将拦截所有“违反战时禁运和有作战嫌疑的”海上交通工具,并将“布设水雷迫使沿岸船只离开那些美军控制不到的区域”。而且,这一计划从后勤上是“可行的”,因为美第7舰队和空军第5航空队都在这一地区,而驻在冲绳群岛和菲律宾的海军舰只在24小时内就可赶到现场。一直主张对大陆实行侵略政策和支持国民党封锁沿海的兰金一听就惊呆了,他告诉雷德福和罗伯特森说:这意味着战争,中共怎么可能接受对其沿海进行封锁或在其领水布雷呢?雷德福同意兰金的看法,他补充说,要这样干的话,那么共军飞机攻击美军舰只就只是时间问题了。雷德福说,他向艾森豪威尔详细通报了这一可能的结局。

杜勒斯—艾森豪威尔计划最终没能付诸实施。尽管这几名美国官员与蒋介石进行了几天的会谈,蒋介石还是拒绝考虑从金门和马祖减少驻军的建议,更不用说把它们拱手让给共产党了。雷德福和罗伯特森不得已,只得告诉蒋介石,美国已秘密取消其1月31日许下的对金门和马祖提供保护的诺言,尽管蒋介石还可依靠美国的后勤支援。雷德福和罗伯特森企图以此来压蒋介石屈服,但蒋介石仍不肯让步。兰金事后猜测,蒋介石之所以拒绝这一计划,是因为他不信任美国人。自从大陈岛一事美国欺骗了蒋介石之后,很难期望蒋介石再接受一项完全依赖美国的计划。艾森豪威尔对蒋介石的这一反应感到沮丧,他悲哀地说:“我们仍然是进退两难。”

周恩来证明他是杜勒斯的强劲对手

最终结束这一危机的倡议,并不是来自华盛顿,而是来自中国共产党。

为了消除一些亚非国家对中国的疑虑,为了真诚地表示中国人民热爱和平并争取一个对中国有利的国际和平环境,4月23日,就在雷德福和罗伯特森与蒋介石会谈之前,中国总理周恩来在万隆亚非会议上发表了一个历史性的声明:“中国人民同美国人民是友好的。”“中国人民不要同美国打仗。中国政府愿意同美国政府坐下来谈判,讨论和缓远东紧张局势的问题,特别是和缓台湾地区的紧张局势问题。”

人们评论说,周恩来的表现,证明他是杜勒斯的强劲对手。

在强大的国际压力下,艾森豪威尔不得不对周恩来的建议作出积极的响应。他说:“如果看来有使我们进一步缓和紧张局势的机会,则我准备谈判。”4月26日,杜勒斯表示,美国将与北京就停火举行会谈。中国人民解放军对金门和马祖的炮击立即减少了,到5月中旬,炮击完全停止,台湾海峡平静下来。

责任编辑:王雷 CM029
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