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强极一时的北魏迅速衰亡真相:始于魏孝文帝改革

2016-12-30 16:01:23   曾纪鑫

应该说,孝文帝的全盘汉化顺应了当时的历史发展潮流,也是他不得不采取的改革方略。

二是褒贬兼而有之。在肯定拓跋宏汉化改革的同时,认为他不该没有选择、不分青红皂白、不论精华糟粕地对汉族文化一概吸收。比如门阀制度的建立就产生了极大的消极影响,它不仅使得鲜卑贵族日益腐化无能,还使得兵士地位下降、士气低落、战斗力更低。而他于迁都洛阳不久,在准备不足、内部不稳的情况下就接连不断发动了三次大规模征伐南齐的军事行动,更有操之过急之嫌。

三是全盘否定。认为孝文帝的汉化是迂腐的儒化、消极的汉化,只学到了汉人的繁缛礼仪与腐朽的因子,丢掉了拓跋部勇武质朴之长,他的改革不仅没有起到振兴北魏之效,反而导致了民族的柔弱与国家的衰亡。

事实的真相是,即使没有孝文帝的改革,拓跋部也已经或正在失去祖辈的勇武与刚健。而北魏的衰亡也并非全由拓跋宏所为。如果没有当初的迁都洛阳,加强南部势力,也许南齐早就北伐成功,收复了中原失土也未可知。要说拓跋宏改革的失误,恐怕主要还在于忽略了代北边境之地。迁都洛阳后,政治军事重心南移,孝文帝的改革主要在以洛阳为中心的黄河流域进行,对过去的发迹之地——以平城为中心的代北地区,也许是经济条件的制约,也许是因为鞭长莫及,也许是想集中精力对付南朝,反正是没有顾及。南部全盘汉化,而北部则保持着强烈的鲜卑化倾向,鲜卑语、鲜卑服……鲜卑习俗依然如故,而门阀世族制又将代北边镇的贵族排斥在外,使他们变为处于底层的庶姓,导致他们产生了强烈的不满。时间一长,北魏就慢慢地分裂为以洛阳为中心和以平城为中心的两大集团,结果导致了一场巨大的政治内乱,加速了北魏的灭亡。

而北魏迅速衰亡的根本原因还在于孝文帝后继无人。中国封建统治一个最大的特点就是人治,兴衰得失,往往与当权者密不可分。明君使得国力强盛,而昏君、暴君、庸君则导致国势衰弱,这是几千年来中国封建社会一条铁定的规律。孝文帝死后,继任者或是平庸无能,或是昏聩暴虐,真是一代不如一代,在不到30年的时间里,很快就将一个好端端的北魏给彻底葬送了。

民族间的融合与同化,是人类整体的一个历史过程,也是一种不可避免的发展趋势。由此而言,孝文帝拓跋宏在1500多年前严厉推行的全盘汉化政策,正是一种顺应历史潮流与发展趋势的伟大改革。撇开道德层面的善恶判断与功利性的成败得失不论,至少他那认同先进文化的自觉之举也为后人树立了一个可贵的榜样。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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