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强极一时的北魏迅速衰亡真相:始于魏孝文帝改革

2016-12-30 16:01:23   曾纪鑫

均田制是中国历史上一项重要的土地改革制度,经历了北魏、北齐、北周、隋,直到唐代中叶才告终止。它在古代持续了约300年,并影响到日本、朝鲜等东亚国家。

这些改革制度表面上以孝文帝拓跋宏的名义颁布施行,其实都是由冯太后拍板,起主要决定作用的,还是冯太后。

随着孝文帝的一天天长大,他与冯太后的关系也日渐微妙并复杂起来,问题的关键当然还是在于一个字——权。作为封建制度的最高统治者,权力就是一切,甚至比生命更加重要。冯太后权欲极盛,且生性猜疑,她看到一天天长大的孝文帝越来越“聪圣”,担心将来难以控制,“不利于冯氏”,又打起了废掉皇帝的主意。于是,她将拓跋宏关在室内,三天不让人送饭。时值寒冬腊月,拓跋宏仅穿一件单衣。冯太后召集大臣讨论,打算另立咸阳王禧为帝,因为遭到不少元老大臣的激烈反对,不得已而作罢。同时,她还命令内官监视孝文帝的言行举止,每十天报告一次。一次,宦官密报了孝文帝的“过错”,冯太后大怒,立即传来拓跋宏,狠狠地打了他数十大杖。孝文帝无法反抗,只好“默然而受,不自申明”。拓跋宏生性聪颖,深深地懂得忍让之道,不像他父亲那样血气方刚,才没有扩大他与冯太后之间的矛盾。如若不然,以冯太后之坚毅与谋略,哪怕大臣“固谏”再厉害,也会将他从北魏的皇帝宝座上一脚踢开了。

公元486年,孝文帝年满20,已经长大成人了。于情、于理、于势而言,冯太后都不便继续临朝听政,她不得不将权力的“魔杖”交给拓跋宏。于是,“帝始服衮冕,朝飨万国”,这才正式主持朝政,也开始亲自动笔起草诏册。

拓跋宏亲政后,冯太后并不是完全退出了政治舞台,但起主要作用的自然已是孝文帝了。在拓跋宏为皇的28年时间里,对权力的执掌应该分为三个阶段:一、五岁登基到20岁时,大权完全掌握在冯太后手中;二、20岁亲政到24岁时冯太后去世,他与冯太后共掌朝政;三、从24岁到33岁离世,政权归于拓跋宏一人,这一阶段也是他大刀阔斧全盘汉化之时。严格来说,孝文帝真正执掌北魏朝政的时间也就不过八九年时间。但是封建皇帝的九五之尊使他从小就在大臣及民众心目中树立了一种无尚的威严与凛然的形象,一旦大权在握,他就显出了一代英主的勃发雄姿。

冯太后于公元490年去世,时年49岁。冯太后死后,拓跋宏十分悲痛,五天没有好好进食,一日三餐仅吃小半碗米粥,丧服也一直不肯脱下。尽管冯太后立下遗嘱,要求丧葬从俭,但孝文帝还是将她的丧礼举办得相当隆重,并表示要遵照古礼,守孝3年。在遭到王公大臣及文武百官的强烈反对后,才勉强作罢。

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