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弹药匮乏的红军在长征途中都用啥武器?

2016-12-02 13:44:34   

由于国民党军对各苏区的长期“围剿”,红军的武器弹药非常匮乏。据美国记者哈里森·索尔兹伯里所著《长征:前所未闻的故事》记叙:从1934年春夏起,中央红军就开始准备大转移,“车间开始修理枪支武器,生产新的手榴弹,从战场找回子弹壳,重新装上火药和铅头,铅用完了,就用木制弹头。”同时,将较好、较新的枪支集中调配到主力红军手中,较差的则换给赤卫队和游击队。但即使这样,中央红军出发时的武器装配率仍低于40%。

长征开始时,中央红军总人数为8.68万人,仅装备步马枪29153支,山炮、迫击炮38门,重机枪357挺,轻机枪322挺,手枪3141支,冲锋枪271支,武器装配率不及40%。仅能以携带梭镖6101根、大刀882把作为补充。枪炮弹也严重不足,携步枪弹141.8万发,平均每支枪40多发,而且多半是红军兵工厂自行复装的,不能用于连发;机枪弹22.3万发,连一场稍大的战斗都不能支撑。离开根据地,失去了以往维修和生产武器弹药的薄弱基础,从围追堵截的敌人手中缴获就成了武器弹药补充的唯一途径。这就决定了红军武器弹药的补充极其有限。面对拥有持续不断军工生产能力的国民党军队,红军长征只能选择向国民党军兵力部署相对薄弱、武器装备配备相对较差的西部地区,实施战略机动。

即使是为数不多的武器弹药,中央红军在突破四道封锁线后也已消耗大半,其缺损几乎全靠作战缴获补充。在前有堵截、后有追兵的情况下,红军装备的困窘程度可想而知。其他几路红军的枪支装配情况与中央红军大体相似。据1936年10月对长征到达甘肃的红四方面军第5、第9、第30军及骑兵师等部队进行统计,2.1万人的部队只有8000多支枪,持枪率不及40%,每支枪仅有5-25发子弹。

红军长征带到陕北的唯一的一门山炮(资料图)

长征期间,国民党中央军每个步兵连配有轻机枪9挺,每营有一个装备6挺重机枪的重机枪连,还有一个配炮2门的营属迫击炮排。 当时中央红军8万多人的部队只有包括马克沁在内的重机枪357挺,捷克式ZB-26等轻机枪322挺,平均每个连机枪不足两挺。

中央红军在瑞金出发时,红军只有82迫击炮和75毫米山炮等38门和少量炮弹,平均每个师只有3门左右火炮,强渡湘江后,随着炮弹用完又陆续扔掉不少。

红军只能靠灵活机动的战术摆脱敌人的炮火优势,巧妙利用仅有的少量火炮,攻坚破垒,打破强敌的围追堵截。如1935年1月红一军团炮兵连在贵州瓮安县江界渡口南岸,以炮火掩护红4团第1营渡过乌江,抢占了滩头阵地。但此时敌军预备队赶到,又将该营压到江边。危急时刻,炮兵连以82迫击炮向敌人接连发射5发炮弹,击毙敌营长赵宪群等多人,将敌预备队压了下去。红军乘机组织反击,夺回滩头阵地,为工兵架桥赢得了时间,保障了后续部队顺利过江。

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