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朝鲜战争中美国五星上将麦克阿瑟是怎样被解职的

2016-11-03 13:56:59   

与此同时,公众对白宫表示出强烈不解和不满,人们不能原谅总统对他们心目中的这位英雄的无礼行为。据白宫新闻办公室的统计,他们总共收到了近3万封公众信件和电文,其中超过95%的信件和电文是批评总统的解职决定。盖洛普民意测验则显示全国有69%的人表示支持麦克阿瑟,而只有29%的人表示支持总统的行动。

5月3日开始,参院军事委员会与外交委员会联合举行有关朝鲜战争问题的听证会,麦克阿瑟首先作证,他的证词长达20小时以上。政府方面出席的首席反证人是马歇尔,两位年资相当、却分别出身西点军校与弗吉尼亚军校的陆军五星上将进行面对面的辩论,继而布莱德雷、柯林斯、谢尔曼、范登堡相继到场作证,当然都是作为麦克阿瑟的对立面。

参院听证会持续到6月25日,没有什么结论。之后,麦克阿瑟的巡回演讲也风光不再。在达拉斯的一次集会不过2.7万名听众,有人嘲笑说这还不如一场中学生橄榄球比赛的吸引力。显然公众与舆论终于想通了,在解职一事上总统没有大错,至于麦克阿瑟本人52年的传奇军人生涯与特有魅力,那是另一回事。

麦克阿瑟解职的故事大致如此,早有文学人士以生花妙笔据此想象、臆测、渲染而形成洋洋大观的各种“秘闻”、“揭秘”、“内幕”、“大解职”之类。撇开文学泡沫,有意思的是这则故事所透露的一些游戏规则与制度因素问题:

1. 解除一个高官的职务总有种种难处,但这次并没有出什么乱子。总统个人即有权解除战区统帅的职务,这是朝野皆知的。国家与军队的上下级关系必须非常明确,任何官员都应清楚上对谁负责,下可以指挥谁罢免谁。总统虽然没有上级,但他若做得不妥也有可能被国会弹劾。事实上杜鲁门在决策前听取过所有主要官员的意见,甚至还征询了私人朋友的意见。

2. 解职命令的生效是斩钉截铁的,不存在名义上解职实际却在位的情况,也不存在名义上还在位实际却无权或被隔离、看管的情况。

3. 不管以哪种方式告知麦克阿瑟被解职,他本人都是自由地在现场,并不需要将他带进一个什么样的特殊场所当面宣布,或者先以某种方式使他与部属、家属隔离而由新指挥官实际负起责任来。

4. 解职命令称“撤换理由将在上述电文送交你时,同时公布”,一方面说明最重要、最迫切的问题是指挥权的顺利交接而不是撤换理由,另一方面表明撤换理由只有一个版本,没有什么事情需要在后台解释或私下交换意见。

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