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美国首艘核航母重大事故:27人遇难15架飞机报废

2016-10-31 14:17:25   

作为长期“以英为师”的日本海军,对英国的一举一动时刻保持关注。1920年,日本紧跟英国步伐,开工建造第一艘航母———“凤翔”号,1922年12月正式服役。“凤翔”号标准排水量只有7000多吨,远小于“竞技神”号的一万多吨,由于舰体尺寸太小,飞行甲板狭窄,舰上的岛式建筑显得格外碍事,很不受飞行员欢迎。于是服役不久,“凤翔”号就把这个上层建筑拆掉,成为一艘完全平甲板的航母。之后,随着飞机尺寸和重量的增大,就算拆掉岛式建筑,“凤翔”号狭窄的甲板起降飞机也越来越困难。正因为此,到1934年,“凤翔”号基本被打入另册,沦为二流战舰,只能干干训练之类的工作。二战前夕,急于搜罗作战力量的日本海军想起这艘最古老的航母,于是又紧急对飞行甲板进行加宽和加长,总算是勉强可以使用零式等新型舰载机。

“凤翔”号服役生涯中唯一值得一提的是参加中途岛海战,但该舰作为山本五十六坐镇的主力战列舰队掩护兵力,一直躲在数百公里之外,根本没有机会参加战斗。中途岛战役后,损失4艘大型航母的日本海军又一次把注意力放到“凤翔”号身上。1943年,这艘老航母再次进厂改造,进一步加宽加长飞行甲板。由于飞行甲板扩得太大,改造后的“凤翔”号“头重脚轻”,以至于基本的航海性能都大受影响,更别说起降飞机。此后,基本无法远洋航行的“凤翔”号只能停在港口,专门用来训练舰载机飞行员。

速度出奇慢的美国“兰利”号

受英国影响,美国在一战期间同样对海军航空兵和航母产生兴趣,但美国海军同样受到一战后裁军浪潮的影响,所以首艘航母也是改建而成。

美国海军看上了有很大煤舱的运煤船“木星”号,1920年改装工程开工,1922年3月改装完毕,命名为“兰利”号。这是美国海军第一艘航母,跟英国的“百眼巨人”号很像。不同的是,“兰利”号航速之慢堪称奇观:只有15节!别说冲锋陷阵,连跟上主力战列舰队都困难,至于起降飞机更是大受影响。更奇特的是,尽管这艘军舰的排水量和“竞技神”号相当,尺寸却和小一号的“凤翔”号相若,而在这么小的舰体内,却要塞下比“竞技神”号都要多的34架飞机!这样奇怪的搭配,让人不难想像它的实用性。

但美国海军对“兰利”号的使用却很明智,它一直被用来训练和研究:一方面训练了大量舰载机飞行员,另一方面,借助这艘航母,美国人对航母的战术、运作进行了大量的研究和探索,提出“全甲板攻击”等重要战术理论,为二战期间纵横四海的大规模航母编队作战打下基础。

1936年,随着更新、更大的“专业”航母建成服役,“兰利”号被送进船厂,改装成水上飞机供应舰。1942年,又老又慢的“兰利”号在爪哇海遭到日本岸基飞机的攻击,结束了它的使命。

尽管首艘航母不怎么样,美国航母之后却越造越大。1961年,美国航母“企业”号———世界首艘核动力航母建成服役,成为航母发展史上的一个里程碑。“企业”号是当时世界上最长、最高大的航母,服役后于1964年下半年进行了一次环球远航训练,在64天内没有进行任何补给,充分显示了核动力装置的优越性。但在1969年1月14日,该舰发生了一次重大事故,一架F-4“鬼怪”式战斗机装弹时,发动机的废气引爆了一枚火箭弹头,导致多次爆炸和大火,27名舰员遇难,314人受伤,15架飞机报废。

除英美日外,法国在1927年也改装完毕该国首艘航母“贝亚恩”号,同日美同行相比,“贝亚恩”号更加默默无闻,原因是作为改装基础的战列舰本身动力就不充足,服役后飞机的起降很受影响,在实战中很难起作用。不过,这艘“碌碌无为”的航母竟然到1966年才退役。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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