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毛泽东沉思三峡工程方案:要考虑防原子弹的问题

2016-10-13 15:47:24   夏佑新

对于荆江分洪工程,湖北持积极态度,湖南却有顾虑。湖南省委书记黄克诚说,荆江分洪区等于在洞庭湖上顶了一盆水,万一溃口就要水淹湖南,搞得不好湖南出了力等于自己淹自己。毛泽东亲自过问后,各方面终于达成肯定的一致意见。毛泽东亲自审查设计书,并立即批准兴建该工程。1952年4月5日工程全面开工后,他还专门题词:“为广大人民的利益,争取荆江分洪工程的胜利!”

周恩来请示毛泽东后,从部队抽调了6万人参加分洪工程。原计划100天完工的工程,结果75天完成。荆江分洪工程的胜利极大鼓舞了毛泽东的信心,也肯定了分洪工程的可实施性。

从荆江分洪工程到正式提出三峡工程,历经一年时间。到了1953年2月,毛泽东乘“长江舰”从汉口到南京,专门就长江流域规划、三峡工程和南水北调等问题同林一山谈了3天。林一山谈了在长江许多支流修建水库的规划。毛泽东问他这些支流水库加起来能不能抵上三峡一个水库。林一山否定了。毛泽东于是指着地图上三峡口说:“那为什么不在这个总口子上卡起来,就先修那个三峡水库,怎么样?”从此开始筹划兴建三峡水库。

1954年11月26日晚上,毛泽东的专列到达汉口车站,林一山到车上汇报长江三峡水利枢纽建设问题,刘少奇、周恩来也在车上。林一山汇报三峡坝区的选址定在花岗岩地带的美人坨,但是岩石风化厉害,而且这个河段上游的片麻岩还未勘探过。刘少奇询问什么是片麻岩,毛泽东立刻说:片麻岩是花岗岩的变质岩,很坚硬,在片麻岩地区选坝址是没有风化问题的。在场的人都很惊讶,毛泽东居然掌握了丰富的地质知识。

直到27日拂晓,林一山的汇报才结束,毛泽东拉住林一山继续谈,将车停在郑州北站,又听黄河水利委员会主任赵明甫汇报黄河的综合治理情况,和刘少奇、周恩来以及河南、湖北的党政领导一起探讨,并向赵明甫要了黄河流域的地图。

对于三峡问题,毛泽东非常慎重。1958年1月,他亲自主持南宁工作会议,期间有几天时间就专门研究三峡工程问题。在这个问题上,主张先修三峡工程的林一山,和主张先开发长江支流不宜先修三峡工程的李锐进行了激烈的争论。毛泽东让他们各写一篇汇报材料。

林一山先汇报,他说三峡工程的报价是72亿元,毛泽东对以前的汇报记得非常清楚,马上反问怎么少了,过去不是提160亿元吗?林一山解释说经过科研突破可以省下一些。李锐的报告只用了半个小时,非常简单,但问题谈得很清楚。毛泽东听完报告后同意了李锐的观点,认为三峡工程目前搞不起来。在他的主持下,中央通过了《关于三峡水利枢纽和长江流域规划的决议》,指出:从国家长远的经济发展和技术条件两方面考虑,三峡水利枢纽是需要修建而且可能修建的,但是最后下决心确定修建及何时开工,要待各个重要方面的准备工作基本完成之后,才能作出决定。现在采取积极准备进行各项有关的工作。

从1953年2月乘“长江舰”视察到1958年1月南宁会议不到5年时间,毛泽东为了三峡工程和长江水利建设问题先后6次召见林一山。对三峡工程的考虑,他逐步地深入和细致,提出了很多关键性问题:一是如何解决泥沙淤积;二是投资国力能不能承受;三是怎样解决防空炸问题,同时要考虑防原子弹的问题。

这些问题始终萦绕在毛泽东的脑海中。1958年夏,毛泽东又请林一山到武汉专门汇报长江的泥沙问题,也就是三峡水库的寿命问题。林一山汇报说,长江的含沙量远比黄河的少,相对量少,但绝对量还很大。根据计算,三峡入库泥沙,每年约5亿吨。假定三峡以上不修其他水库的话,三峡水库使用寿命可达400年,至少也可达200年。

毛泽东沉思了很久,告诉林一山:“这不是百年大计,而是千年大计,只两百年太可惜了!”

按照他的指示,水力学和研究泥沙的专家们结合古代、国外的资料,最终找到了水库长期使用的途径。(《走进毛泽东遗物馆》,夏佑新著,湘潭大学出版社出版)

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