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谣言被信以为真,而当局的辟谣鲜有人相信,这说明当局的公信力已濒临破产。这是因为,民间对洋人、洋教的反抗经常得不到政府的呼应,其权威已严重下降,信任度急骤下滑。事实正是这样,此时的清政府对洋人基本上言听计从,对传教士的霸道行为一味姑息,洋人、洋教的权力越来越大,晚清虽然还维系着皇权统治,但公信力岌岌可危。当一个政权的公信力岌岌可危之时,同时意味着由这个政权维系的社会秩序也在一点点被打破,社会开始处于一种无序状态。晚清时期,这种无序表现为社会转型,重大变迁,列强侵略,政治衰弱,矛盾突出,社会动荡,纲纪败坏,人们普遍处于一种焦虑、躁动不安的心理状态,对现实不满,对未来恐惧,奇谈怪论层出不穷,这正是谣言滋生的绝好温床,这下十分吻合美国谣言控制学说的代表人物罗伯特·纳普,对战争中流行的谣言进行分析得出的结论:谣言是社会失序的一个结果。
谣言既是社会失序的结果,同时谣言也会成为重构社会秩序的推手。这样,谣言从一个结果变成一个原因,即谣言是社会无序的结果,可谣言会导致更大的无序,并以更大的无序来重构有序。当局对于谣言的处理就显得十分重要,处理得当,会为当局的公信力加分,而稍有不慎,则引发严重的政治后果,直接摧毁旧政权,建立一个新政权来重构新的秩序,这样,谣言又将减少。
在这个过程中,谣言变成了一种反权力“话语”,它是反权力者有意或无意地用一种似是而非的话语来反对官方的话语,官方支持的,它就反对;官方反对的,它就支持;官方没有说没有做的,它说官方既说又做,这就是制造谣言。这样的谣言因为获得很多人的信任而变成一种反权力力量,而这正是革命造反者最需要的。比如我们知道,革命党在反清的过程中往往不惜制造、传播谣言来反政府,革命党办的报纸为了“制造利于革命之电报新闻”,甚至公然变成造谣机器。
革命党人办的《苏报》可称“造谣先锋”,时不时造满清的谣。曾担任该报主编的章士钊在后来写的《疏“皇帝魂”》一文中承认:《苏报》曾伪造电讯和“上谕”,“要之当时凡可以挑拨满汉感情,不择手段,无所不用其极”。既然“无所不用其极”,那么,“京陷帝崩”有之,“袁世凯已被侠士刺死”有之……更离谱的是,《民立报》曾在1911年11月21日的报道中说:有人看见张勋手持人心,在豆腐店买豆腐,以油煎人心,下酒甚乐。北洋军阀虽然面目可憎,但还不至于可憎到明目张胆地以吃人心下酒的离谱地步,如此大胆地造谣传谣实属惊人,已经有点为达目的,不择手段了。对这种造谣传谣的事,革命党人不认为是什么见不得人的事,而认为是“英雄处事,目的贵坚,手段贵活,目的贵一,手段贵多,有一百目的,不妨有百手段,又不妨百变其手段”。他们把造谣和传谣当成一种反权力的手段,当成革命的“美谈”。
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