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西北望射天狼:在古代中国弩为何盛极而衰?
2016-09-14 16:21:09 中华网论坛
明成祖时期建制的神机营可能是世界历史上第一支专用火器的战略部队。明朝中后期火器更得到空前的发展,中国走向热兵器时代。本土火器制造规模和技术迅猛提高,到正德年间(1491-1521年),单管火铳年制造量高达数十万支。明朝还积极引进了佛朗机炮、红夷大炮、鸟嘴铳、鲁密铳等先进的西方火器。镇守蓟州时期,戚继光的步兵营里枪炮手接近全营军人总数的40%,加上火箭手,则有一半士兵使用火器。骑兵营的火器也占到兵器总量的50%。在戚继光的强力推动下,明朝工匠改造发明了“虎蹲炮”和“无敌大将军炮“等性能优良的火炮。

鸟嘴铳
明代后期的鸟嘴铳射程可达312米,强于明代普通的单兵弓弩,重火箭的射程更远至780米。1626年明朝与后金的宁远之战,袁崇焕动用红夷大炮多次重创努尔哈赤的后金军。努尔哈赤本人也中炮受伤。红夷大炮当时的有效射程为500米,最远距离不超过1.5公里。明朝火器种类更是丰富繁多。万历年间,各种火器约有120种,《筹海图编》记载有二三百种之多。明朝火器发达丰富如斯,冷兵器之王强弩称霸的时代一去不返。

红夷大炮
清代火器更为普及,在雍正五年 (1727年 ) 确立的全国军队武器中已经没有弩,占比最高的兵器是火枪。到乾隆年间,弩开始在行省军队中配备,但规模很有限。清代的弩都以手持小型弩(双机弩、如意弩等)为主,两宋时期的单兵强弩和重型机械弩不复存在。弓箭的制造维护成本低,发射速度也比早期火枪快,因此在清朝军中仍然广泛使用。进人19世纪后半叶,弩已退出战争舞台。
责任编辑:苏鹏宇
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