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早期认识
无论是在战时还是在战后,日本在对内外的宣传中都强调1894年中日战争的目的是为了维护朝鲜的独立,然而仅过了两年朝鲜人就对此提出了质疑。1896年5月16日的《独立新闻》就刊文称:“虽说日本和中国战争结束后韩国取得了独立,但就实际情况来看好像成了日本的属国。朝鲜的内政和外交正由在汉城的日本公使馆在处理,一方面是独立国家,另一方面却是他国的使臣来决定这一国家的政府,我们还从没有听说有这样的独立国。”作为朝鲜近代史学的开创者之一的朴殷植,在1915年出版的《韩国痛史》一书中也质疑道:“所谓独立非我自力而得之,终乃被他坏了,是岂吾民革命之本意哉?”除了质疑日本的战争目的外,朴殷植也提到了甲午战争中中国战败的原因和所带来的后果。关于战争原因,朴殷植借用秦白起灭楚国的典故,指出:“今中国士卒能以军中为家,将帅为父母,一心同功,死不旋踵者乎?各有散心,莫有斗志者乎?甲午之辙,昭然自在,中国人民今皆革心进步,免致再蹈否,吁可惕矣,亦可奋矣!”在这场战争中,中国“一朝遇三岛之小国而弱焉,丧权失地,腐败毕露,于是列强抵掌而笑曰:是病国耳,不取恐后于人”,结果掀起了瓜分中国的狂潮。这些可以说是韩国人对甲午战争的最初认识。
官方看法
韩国学界对甲午战争的研究还是在韩国获得独立之后。由于甲午战争直接由朝鲜问题引发且战争进程和战争结果等均与朝鲜有着密切的联系,因此独立后韩国学者从众多角度研究这场战争,积累了大量的研究成果,并在这一基础上逐渐形成了关于这场战争的官方观点。谈到具体历史事件的官方看法时,除了政府或其相关部门的文书之外,人们还较多地关注各级教科书对其的表述。因为教科书特别是中学教科书或是由政府指定或是通过了政府的审定,因此在一定程度上也能代表官方的观点。那么韩国的中学历史教科书对甲午战争是如何表述的呢?
韩国中学历史教科书分为初中历史教科书和高中历史教科书,初中历史教科书是由政府指定的,因此全国初中学校使用的是同一种教科书,被称为国定教科书;高中的历史教科书是由各学校在通过政府审定的数种教科书中进行选择,因此各个高中使用的历史教科书不尽相同。本文介绍的高中历史教科书是韩国高中学校历史课最普遍使用的。
首先我们来看一下国定的初中历史教科书对甲午战争的表述。为了全面准确地介绍韩国初中历史教科书对甲午战争的表述,特将相关内容完整翻译如下:
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