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1909年晚清政府出击:从日本手上夺回南海东沙岛

2016-05-09 15:05:55   人民网

照理说,两江总督插手两广的事情,本是官场大忌,但难得的是,无论端方还是张人骏,对此并不在意。两位封疆大吏开始了频繁的电文来往,积极调动一切资源,查资料、找依据,并在1908年年底,共同要求南洋海军协助进行实地调查。1909年春节一过,南洋海军副将吴敬荣便率飞鹰舰远航东沙,确认了该岛已被日本人强占,并拍摄了照片作为证据。

张人骏随即将有关东沙岛的各种文献,包括英、法海军的相关海图,连同飞鹰号拍回的照片,急送北京外务部。在公文中,张人骏指出:日本人“私占有据,若不设法争回,则各国必援均沾之例,争思攘占,所关非细”,希望外务部“迅与日使交涉,饬将该国商民一律撤回,由我派员收管,另筹布置,一申主权”。

1909年初夏,飞鹰号协同一艘海关巡逻艇再度远航东沙取证,还顺道巡视了西沙群岛。张人骏在提交给北京的报告中,提出东沙、西沙“适当欧洲来华之要冲,为南洋第一重门户, 若任其荒而不治,非惟地利之弃,甚为可惜,亦非所以重领土而保海权也”。美国的《基督教箴言报》报道说,大清特遣舰队的“吴司令”(吴敬荣)建议朝廷向所有可居住的南海岛屿尽快移民。

《基督教箴言报》的报道同时也说,北京政府要求广东地方当局不要公布有关事件,以免刺激已经兴起的抵制日货行动。其实,并没有史料证明,大清中央政府在东沙问题上,有任何钳制舆论的计划。

东沙岛事件成为1909年庶民参政问政的焦点之一。此时的民意主流,依然是抵制日货。

一年前,那艘曾向东沙岛运送移民和军火的日本商船“二辰丸”号,因走私携带大量军火接济革命党,在澳门海面被大清海军成功拦截,当场缴获大量弹药,愤怒的中国水兵扯下了船上的日本国旗。但在日、葡两国巨大的外交压力下,当年3月19日,清政府被迫释放“二辰丸”号,并鸣礼炮21响向其“致歉”。粤商自治会当即宣布当日为“国耻日”,号召全国抵制日货,应者遍及全粤及上海、香港、南洋群岛等。最后,日本只能取消赔款要求,澳葡当局承诺从严管制军火走私,并与中国政府进行划界谈判。

“二辰丸”号事件刚刚平息,东沙岛又响起警报。广东绅商学各界在粤商自治会的统筹下,连续举行数千人的群众集会,上书主持中央工作的摄政王载沣,要求“切实保护我国渔业并该岛财产”,而即使政府放弃,也要“竭尽我国民之能力以挽救之”。

在最初的外交交涉中,日本政府坚持认为该岛是“无主荒岛”,但当张人骏提供了大量资料及人证、物证后,日本人不得不承认中国对于东沙岛的主权。随后,日本人提出要对西泽吉次已经建设好的基础设施进行补偿,中国方面则针锋相对地要求,日本商人必须向中国政府补缴偷漏的渔业和矿砂税。

此时,因日本方面强行改筑安奉铁路,中日两国在东北的关系开始紧张,东北和华北均掀起了抵制日货的新浪潮,日本人也只能在东沙问题上放手,以避免两线“作战”。

几番唇枪舌剑后,中日双方终于在1909年10月11日签订了东沙问题条约,明确东沙群岛为中国固有领土,日本人立即撤出;中国以广东毫银16万元收购岛上已建设施,同时,日本人补缴各项税款及损坏庙产等的赔偿合计广东毫银3万元。

在东沙岛事件中,清政府无论在尊重民意,还是在各部门协同配合方面,都表现得相当可圈可点。1909年,大清士兵开始武装镇守东沙岛等南海各岛。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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