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面对苏联南北夹击威胁 新中国如何打破包围

2016-04-26 14:39:51   中国共产党新闻网

(三)从20世纪70年代初至70年代中期,为了巩固中美、中日关系正常化后的有利局面,中国根据毛泽东“一定要争取第二世界”的意见,重点开展对西欧的争取工作。当时,中国同西欧、日本和美国之间对苏联战略形势的判断存在较大分歧,中国认为,苏联虽然在战略上对中国采取了包围政策,但其战略重点还是在西方,用毛泽东的话说:“苏联的政策是声东击西的,口里讲要打中国,实际上想要吞并欧洲。”(毛泽东会见法国外长舒曼的谈话记录,1972年7月10日。)邓小平也说:苏联的“重点还是同美国争夺世界,首先争夺欧洲”(邓小平会见日本自民党政党政治研究会议员访华团时的谈话记录,1974年1月11日。)。西方一些国家却认为,苏联主要是包围中国。因此,做好西欧国家工作的关键是揭露苏联战略的真实意图。

这个时期,毛泽东、周恩来、邓小平等会见西欧、美国、日本朋友时,有针对性地阐释了两个问题。一是为什么说苏联的战略重点在欧洲的问题。毛泽东等指出,主要有三个理由:首先从苏联的全球战略看,是要争夺世界,包括亚洲也包括欧洲;其次从苏联在全球的兵力部署看,3/4的力量摆在西方,1/4弱的力量摆在中国的北部;其三从欧洲的战略地位看,苏联要争夺世界的霸权,必须力求首先控制欧洲,“因为欧洲,主要是西欧,不但政治上重要、经济上重要、军事上也重要”(邓小平会见德意志联邦共和国联邦议院代表团时的谈话记录,1974年10月15日。)。“不取得欧洲,要称霸世界不可能。甚至取得了中国,不取得欧洲,要称霸世界也不可能。”(《邓小平年谱(1975—1997)》(上),中央文献出版社2004年版,第7页。)

毛泽东等对苏联战略的判断,来自对国际形势的仔细观察。1975年邓小平会见基辛格时说:“我们不是想把苏联这股祸水引向西方,但我们关切西方。我们观察了几年,感到苏联要闹事,首先在西方。所以,我们理所当然的要关切西方。”(邓小平会见美国国务卿基辛格时的谈话记录,1975年10月20日。)二是关于中国是否为了摆脱困境才强调“声东击西”的问题。邓小平曾明确地表示:“就中国自身来讲,中国不怕战争,就是世界打起来,通道断绝,中国自己也有比较强的生存能力,充其量也就是回到延安的窑洞,那样也能生存。”(邓小平会见日本参议院议长德永正利时的谈话记录,1981年1月12日。)他说:“我们这个国家是不怕包围的。”(邓小平会见菲律宾总统马科斯时的谈话记录,1975年6月9日。)中国“几十年的革命历史就是在包围中生存,在包围中干出革命的胜利。”(邓小平会见泰中友好协会代表团时的谈话记录,1978年6月15日。)基于上述分析,邓小平指出:中国判断苏联的战略是“声东击西”,“不是从中国角度出发,而是从全球战略角度提出来的”。(邓小平会见日本参议院议长德永正利时的谈话记录,1981年1月12日。)毛泽东等还特别强调欧洲联合的重要性,指出苏联的办法是分化欧洲,然后逐步控制欧洲,而“我们历来主张有一个强大的联合的欧洲来对付苏联的挑战”(邓小平会见德意志联邦共和国前总统瓦尔特·谢尔时的谈话记录,1981年5月1日。)。这期间,中国同西欧国家加强了高层互访。1974年,英国前首相希思访问中国;1975年,邓小平访问法国,同年法国总理希拉克、德国总理施密特访问中国。经过耐心细致的说服工作,他们都表示认同中国的观点。希拉克说:“法国人和中国人都拒绝接受两个超级大国的霸权”,“我们都希望有一个更团结一致、更富饶和更有组织的欧洲”。(《人民日报》1975年5月19日。)希思说:“欧洲应该日益团结起来,并且用一个共同的声音说话,这是符合全世界的利益的。在我们同两个超级大国打交道方面情况更是如此。”(《人民日报》1974年5月26日。)这些言论说明,毛泽东等在这个阶段的工作是富有成效的。

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