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面对苏联南北夹击威胁 新中国如何打破包围

2016-04-26 14:39:51   中国共产党新闻网

毛泽东曾强调:“要团结多数人,要影响多数人,团结多数人,绝大多数的人,这是战略问题。”(毛泽东会见新共总书记威尔科克斯、主席威廉斯及夫人、澳共(马)主席希尔等时的谈话记录,1965年3月14日。)邓小平也指出:只靠某一个国家的力量是不够的,“要有几种力量连在一起对付它才行”(邓小平会见巴基斯坦总统齐亚·哈克时的谈话记录,1980年5月4日。)。邓小平还不止一次地对外国朋友讲:“我们主张大家联合起来,协调我们的行动,协调我们的战略,来对付这个霸权主义。”(邓小平会见阿根廷总统魏地拉时的谈话记录,1980年6月7日。)“要争取更多的朋友才比较好。即使不能成为朋友,争取更多的国家中立也是比较好的。”(邓小平会见扎伊尔新闻代表团时的谈话记录,1978年6月14日。)

由于苏联和美国在外交战略上都有一个变化过程,因此在联合问题上,毛泽东等对在世界范围内应该依靠谁、争取谁、团结谁、打击谁,在战略思路上也有一个不断调整的过程。这种战略思路的调整,大体分为两个阶段: 第一阶段,从20世纪60年代中期到60年代末。这个阶段的形势是:苏联继续推行“苏美合作、主宰世界”的方针,对中国则逐步采取孤立和包围政策。而美国对中国仍抱敌视态度。根据这种形势,毛泽东等确定了同时反对美国和苏联两个霸权主义,并准备对付“四面八方”(包括日本、印度等国威胁)的战略方针,提出在反对美帝国主义的同时“坚决反对以苏共领导集团为中心的现代修正主义”的口号(参见《人民日报》1966年5月15日。)。1966年中共八届十一中全会正式提出,“要反对帝国主义,就必须反对现代修正主义”(《中国共产党第八届中央委员会第十一次全体会议公报》,《人民日报》1966年8月14日。),明确地把苏联和美国一起作为中国的敌人来反对。在联合问题上,毛泽东提出了“两个中间地带”理论。毛泽东指出:“中间地带有两部分:一部分是指亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的广大经济落后的国家,一部分是指以欧洲为代表的帝国主义国家和发达的资本主义国家。这两部分都反对美国的控制。在东欧各国则发生反对苏联控制的问题。”(《毛泽东文集》第8卷,人民出版社1999年版,第344页。)根据毛泽东的分析,第一中间地带国家是中国反对苏美两霸的直接同盟军,第二中间地带是间接同盟军。中国的外交战略是依靠第一中间地带国家,争取第二中间地带国家,反对美帝国主义和苏联霸权主义。

第二个阶段,从20世纪70年代初到70年代末。这个阶段的形势,发生了很大变化,主要有两个特点:一是美国由于长期对外扩张,特别是深陷越南战争的泥潭,实力遭到严重削弱,而苏联趁机加紧扩军备战,在军事力量上与美国逐渐趋于平衡,美国的霸权主义地位受到挑战。为了加强同苏联的争夺,美国开始改变对华政策。二是苏联利用自身实力的增长,进一步在亚洲地区进行扩张,并陈兵百万于中苏和中蒙边界,对中国国家安全构成直接威胁。根据这种形势,中国的战略重点,从同时反对“两霸”变为主要对付苏联一方。周恩来对此曾指出:“两霸争夺,着重反对哪个霸,因为地区不同、形势不同,情况也不同。”(周恩来会见坦桑尼亚联合共和国总统尼雷尔时的谈话记录,1974年3月30日。)因此,“斗争的口号、方针得经常考虑。”(周恩来接见北京市委常委的讲话记录,1972年7月5日。)在联合问题上,毛泽东根据形势的变化,提出了“一条线”、“一大片”的外交战略,他说:“要搞一条横线,就是纬度,美国、日本、中国、巴基斯坦、伊朗、土耳其、欧洲。”(毛泽东会见美国总统国家安全事务助理基辛格时的谈话记录,1973年2月17日。)要团结这条线周围的国家,共同对付苏联的扩张。邓小平后来告诉美国朋友,毛泽东制定的这个战略方针“是从东到西建立一条反苏霸的统一战线”(邓小平会见美国战略与国际问题研究中心代表团时的谈话记录,1984年2月22日。)。

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