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揭秘中国首颗人造卫星研制:火箭发动机曾遇难题

2016-04-22 14:18:42   李文姬 法制晚报

1969年,203所前身——计量站的晶体器件研究所排除种种干扰,终于在时间节点前交付了首批用于航天的高质量晶体元器件,为1970年“东方红一号”卫星的发射成功作出了重要贡献。

走访几十位专家 踏遍十几省寻厂家

“东方红一号”发射成功,离不开 “长征一号”火箭的一臂之力。 “当年我有幸参加了这一型号的研究、设计、试制、试验直至发射飞行试验的全过程。”中国航天科工六院老专家陈克明难掩自豪地告诉《法制晚报》记者。

据陈老回忆,1966年11月29日,他接到所办通知参加一个技术会议。院领导先是传达了七机部关于研制“长征一号”运载火箭第三级固体燃料火箭发动机的指示和要求。 随后“长征一号”总体设计师陈卫民讲解道, “长征一号”运载火箭由三级火箭组成:第一、二级是液体火箭,第三级是固体火箭。第三级的任务负责给卫星加速超过第一宇宙速度,把卫星送入轨道,因此第三级的研制工作要尽快启动,才能把我国第一颗人造地球卫星早日送上天。

“根据总体部提出的技术指标,我们反复进行固体发动机总体方案测算,再与总体设计部多次讨论、协商,除了环境试验要求,二、三级联结、分离结构和三级与卫星联结、分离结构待定外,其他主要技术性能指标达成一致。我们设计组的同志们,不管风吹雪打,在逆境中拼搏、奋战,坚持工作。许多同志主动放弃春节探亲假,有的同志推迟婚期。”陈老对《法制晚报》记者说道。

根据院里“边基建、边安装、边生产”的政策,凡是302厂能加工的零部件图纸全部留下试制。其他的零部件和整机怎么办?生等条件具备了再干?时间是绝对不允许的。只有一条路——走出去,到部内外,到全国去找协作单位,报外协试制加工。

于是,4月初,陈老等科研人员就带着图纸和技术文件,拿着七机部和国防科委的介绍信,在华北、东北和华东地区,踏遍了十几个省市,专访了30多位专家,始终没有找到一家能封闭独立研制燃烧室壳体的厂家。无奈之下,只好把壳体图纸化整为零,谁家能干这个零件或部件,谁家能干这一道工序就委托谁家干,与他签订外协加工协议。

每周向钱学森汇报 如期交付发动机

1967年6月,发动机的试制工作按照工艺路线全面展开。先后投产两个批次共6台试验件。研制进度十分缓慢,问题很多,到1967年底,6台产品仅有1台达到设计验收水压指标要求。没有合格的燃烧室壳体,发动机的地面所有试验工作无法进行。

此时,陈克明已被任命为驻211厂设计组组长,压力很大。正处在举步维艰的阶段,钱学森副部长要驻厂设计组近期每周向他汇报一次第三级发动机的研制情况。陈克明说,钱老一边仔细听汇报,一边记笔记,不时提出问题,问得最多的是:这种事情你们设计时怎么考虑的?听完汇报后钱老说,这种新钢材只是在实验室条件下做过小型容器试验,没有进行生产下的工艺扩大试验,直接上产品试制,没有按程序办事,违背事物客观规律,出现这种情况一点也不奇怪。

钱学森告诉科研团队人员,千万不要把安全系数都放在设计者自己的口袋里,应该给新材料、新工艺留有必要的加工余量,“要不然设计再好,指标很先进,可是中国人生产不出来,外国人也决不为会我们生产,我们的设计有什么用处?”

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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