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揭秘一战俄国最大胜仗:启发二战德军闪电战

2016-04-19 13:49:08   宋涛 新民晚报

但到了这个时候,俄军后勤薄弱的“老毛病”又发作了。占领卢茨克后,俄国西南方面军已经消耗了大部分弹药和粮秣,仅在进攻发起日(6月4日)一天,俄军炮兵便将原本计划使用两周的炮弹耗尽,此后俄军大炮始终处于缺少炮弹的“半饥饿”状态。更悲惨的是,由于步枪数量不够,竟出现赤手空拳的俄军士兵手撕奥军阵地铁丝网的惨状。而在战略层面,由于布鲁西洛夫的进攻计划没有获得俄军其他高级将领的认同,友邻的俄国西、北两大方面军处于观望状态,令西南方面军呈现孤军深入的态势。

同盟国方面抓住时机,迅速调整部署。就在卢茨克失守的同一天,德军总参谋长法尔肯豪森与奥军总参谋长赫岑多夫达成协议,奥军通过国内紧急动员,拼凑出18个师,而德军从西线凡尔登战场抽出15个师,经铁路送往东线。到7月中旬,德奥联军已把战线稳定下来。德奥联军在法尔肯豪森指挥下,利用俄国三大方面军之间不能协同作战的弱点,将主力摆在西南战线,专心应对布鲁西洛夫新一轮攻势。

面对此消彼长的实力变化,布鲁西洛夫改变策略,他要求部队在新一轮的进攻中不要“像原先那样无节制地战斗”,而要保存有生力量。但是当7月28日第二轮攻势发起后,充满胜利欲望的俄军士兵向德奥联军阵地发起一次次“人海冲锋”。由于缺乏炮火支援,俄军士兵遭到德奥联军机枪和速射炮的猛烈射击,他们就像待收割的庄稼那样被成片打倒。许多没有步枪的俄军士兵在徒手攀爬铁丝网时被划得浑身鲜血淋淋,随后又被德奥联军的机枪打死,战斗演变成一场单方面的“屠杀”。战至9月20日,俄军所有参战部队都丧失进攻能力,整个攻势最终于9月底宣告结束。

战役评价

在规模宏大的“布鲁西洛夫攻势”中,俄军伤亡约50万人,奥军前后损失150万人(其中40万人被俘),德军损失35万人,此战也被称为世界上死伤最重的战役之一。

从作战目的上来看,俄国成功地迫使德国从西线抽调大量部队,有力地支援了法军在凡尔登方向的防御作战,达成了最初的行动意图。同时,俄军还占领了奥匈帝国的大片领土,也算是额外的收获。

与辉煌的战果相比,“布鲁西洛夫攻势”在战场之外的影响却更为深远。从战略上说,布鲁西洛夫的巨大胜利令奥匈帝国元气大伤,此后奥军连自己的阵地都需要德国军队协助才能守住,这场惨败还彻底动摇了奥匈帝国的腐朽统治,帝国治下的捷克、斯洛伐克、波兰、克罗地亚等少数民族聚居区纷纷出现独立倾向,可以说这一仗敲响了奥匈帝国的丧钟。另一方面,这场战役牵制了大量德军,使其在凡尔登的攻势功败垂成。

而俄军虽然获胜,却也付出了不小的人员代价和大量物资损失,加上此前两年的伤亡,俄军已损失了500万官兵,国家经济濒临崩溃的边缘。由于帝国主义战争对国家经济和民众生活带来的巨大破坏,使俄国内部矛盾进一步激化,为后来的革命提供了土壤。

从更长的历史维度来看,布鲁西洛夫却给国际军界带来了许多新鲜的东西。他所发明的突击战术虽未引起俄军重视,却打动了德国人。1918年,德军在研究和改进了布鲁西洛夫的突击战术后,提出“突击群”概念,并在西线成功应用。再往后,布鲁西洛夫提出的“集中兵力、宽正面多点突击、快速突破、纵深推进”思想影响了二战中的德国军队,德军著名的“闪电战”理论中,就不难发现布鲁西洛夫思想的闪光点。从这个意义上说,“布鲁西洛夫攻势”堪称跨越时代的胜利。 (宋涛)

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