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中国“老40”传奇:痛击印军 与苏军坦克拼刺刀

2016-04-15 14:06:59   参考消息网

上世纪五六十年代,56式火箭筒曾是中国步兵最信赖的攻坚利器,由此成为多次边境战争中的明星。

中国人民解放军非常重视对官兵战斗意志的培养,在特定时期以此弥补硬件的不足。当然,“精神原子弹”并非长久之计,朝鲜战争之后,大批国产单兵武器的服役,逐步改变了中国军队“气多钢少”的状态。其中,有一款简单可靠、攻坚能力强悍的装备,在历次冲突中屡建奇功,它就是绰号“老40”的56式火箭筒。

舶来品“本土化”的典型

与众多以“56”开头的国产武器相似,56式火箭筒也是上世纪50年代中苏国防技术交流的产物。脱胎于苏军RPC-2无后坐式火箭筒的它,自1956年起列装解放军基层部队。

顾名思义,“老40”由40毫米火箭发射筒和超口径破甲弹组成。发射药固定在弹尾,击发后产生大量燃气并从筒身后端喷出,借助反作用力使弹头飞向前方。“老40”在同类武器中威力较大,初速84米/秒,直射距离100米,破甲厚度达280毫米;难能可贵的是,“老40”全重仅4.55公斤,为美军“巴祖卡”火箭筒的一半左右。

1962年的中印边境战争是“老40”在实战中的首秀。因中印边境多系高寒山地,参战部队只能随身携带轻武器,“老40”自然成为攻坚时最适用的。据参战士兵回忆,“老40”能紧随步兵冲锋,准确打击印军工事,被它“关照”的印军火力点罕有复活。

11月20日凌晨,解放军第32团第2营先头部队与印军第48旅廓尔喀联队第6营在查库镇遭遇,双方于黑暗中展开白刃战。中方尖兵意外发现印军的一座兵站,以“老40”将7辆满载弹药的卡车打成火球,正用车载37毫米炮和机枪拦截中国军队的两辆印军M3A3坦克感到情况不妙,丢下步兵夺路而走。然而,坦克脱离步兵掩护,就成了伏击者的“瓮中之鳖”——一辆坦克在后撤时被火箭弹摧毁,另一辆退路被堵,乘员只得弃车逃生。

56式火箭筒不仅在中国军队手中逞威,还曾帮助越南共产党抗击美国。1968年1月,越共发起“春节攻势”,派出大批游击队员潜行于美军基地和南越城镇之间,出其不意地突袭目标。最具震撼力的行动发生在南越首府西贡的堤岸地区,着便装的越共特工兵分9路,每路6人,配备2-3具“老40”和3支冲锋枪,专打无人看守的车辆,或占据建筑物展开巷战。激战半日后,美军和南越军队总算把越共赶走,但价值数百万美元的装备化为乌有。值得一提的是,堤岸之战后,美军曾将缴获的少数“老40”送回国加以研究,为日后发展M2“布雷德利”步兵战车甚至“悍马”吉普车的防护系统提供参考。

珍宝岛事件后退而不休

随着时间推移,军用车辆的防护能力不断提升,56式火箭筒的“黄金岁月”也无可避免地走向终结。令中国军队意识到这种武器“廉颇老矣”的事件是珍宝岛冲突。1969年3月15日8时许,苏军向中方阵地发起进攻,早有准备的解放军边防部队出动两个班实施机动阻击,在零下30多度的冰天雪地里,先后用“老40”击中4辆苏军装甲车。50多分钟的激战过后,苏军被迫后撤。然而,中方在战后总结中发现,“老40”的威力已不足以对压阵的苏军坦克奏效,受制于只有区区100米的有效射程,解放军战士通常只能以“拼刺刀”的冒险方式抵近射击,最近开火距离仅8米,以至于不少人被巨大的爆炸声浪震聋。

种种迹象显示,56式火箭筒必须更新换代了。1969年,69式40毫米火箭筒(俗称“新40”)迅速定型,射程是“老40”的3倍,破甲威力提高30%,还可通过光学瞄准镜精确测定目标距离,根据目标速度和风偏量进行修正,令“老40”的很多缺陷得以消除。

69式火箭筒定型后,“老40”开始退出一线,但二线部队甚至少数边防军到1975年前后仍有装备。而当年用于援外的部分“老40”,至今仍在一些局部冲突中偶有出场。

(来源:参考消息网)

责任编辑:汤鹏霏 CM015
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