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揭秘:美国五星上将麦克阿瑟是怎样被解职的?

2016-04-05 14:54:34   人民网

2. 麦克阿瑟担负重大责任,即代表盟国对日本实行占领,指挥正在进行的朝鲜战争。可资比较的是,德国为四大国分区占领,美、苏、英都派出了战争期间的头号军事统帅——艾森豪威尔、朱可夫、蒙哥马利——任占领军总司令,但他们都只任职至多1年;而麦克阿瑟却是唯一的日本“太上皇”,而且已有5年又7个月之久。

3. 因为资深望重又加权力大,麦克阿瑟素以桀骜不驯著称。1937年麦克阿瑟在菲律宾任军事顾问期间曾回国完婚,此后再未回国。二战与朝鲜战争期间,两任总统多次召他回国述职,他均以军务在身而推脱。根据麦克阿瑟的要求,达成的妥协是在华盛顿与麦克阿瑟总部之间的地点同总统会晤:与罗斯福的会晤是1944年7月在檀香山,总统携参谋长莱希同西南太平洋战区总司令麦克阿瑟、太平洋战区总司令尼米兹研究战场形势;与杜鲁门终其一生的唯一会晤于1950年10月在威克岛举行,时间不过3小时,麦克阿瑟甚至谢绝了杜鲁门共进午餐的邀请,匆匆飞回东京。

杜鲁门关于麦克阿瑟解职的两份文件签署后接下去实际发生的事情是:

由于技术原因,国务院发给正在釜山的穆乔大使的电报迟迟未能到达;

随着时间的拖延,新闻界似乎对麦克阿瑟将被解职有所察觉,《芝加哥论坛报》的记者甚至紧缠白宫新闻秘书肖特以便从中套出可供立即发布的材料。肖特与参谋长联席会议主席布莱德雷磋商后怀疑解职命令可能泄露;

考虑到麦克阿瑟在解职尚未生效(即个人电报未送达且白宫新闻会未开)之前可能提出辞职以抵抗白宫命令,杜鲁门决定改变预定程序:立即通过陆军通讯系统将解职命令发至东京盟军总部麦克阿瑟本人,然后在4月11日1时(华盛顿时间)举行新闻发布会公布总统声明;

东京有记者电话告知麦克阿瑟副官赫夫注意收听15时(即华盛顿时间1时)的新闻广播,他认为会有麦克阿瑟解职的消息;

大吃一惊的赫夫听了15时开始的新闻广播后立即打电话告诉麦克阿瑟的夫人珍妮;

珍妮将解职的消息告诉正在宴请客人的麦克阿瑟;

紧接着不久,盟军总部通信兵将刚收到的电报送交赫夫,赫夫即驱车前往麦克阿瑟处;

麦克阿瑟亲自拆开信封阅读解职命令电文。

以上情节中有一些说法各异,连麦克阿瑟的传记都未能准确描述。例如麦克阿瑟得知被解职后说的那句名言:“珍妮,我们终于可以回家了!”究竟是何时何种场合说的,就有多个版本。

但可以肯定的是,新闻传播速度超过了军用电报的速度,预想的程序颠倒了。问题出在从杜鲁门指示直接发军用电报给麦克阿瑟本人到4月11日1时新闻发布会之间所留的时间太短。这个时间究竟有多短?笔者没有见过哪个资料说过。可以推想白宫的两难——新闻发布会的任何拖延都会增加正式消息晚于媒体消息的可能性,而新闻发布会的提前又会使公众与部属都知道麦克阿瑟被解职而麦氏本人还蒙在鼓里。

麦克阿瑟的解职引起了轩然大波。日本内阁曾考虑以总辞职表示对解除他们“救星”职务的不满,裕仁天皇到美国大使馆与麦克阿瑟依依惜别,麦克阿瑟启程回国的当天,数十万日本人在通往机场的公路旁列队送行。

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