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美国纵容阿根廷“肮脏战争”的黑暗历史

2016-03-29 15:19:38   金点强

3月24日,美国总统奥巴马访问纪念阿根廷“肮脏战争”中遇难者的纪念碑,并发表演说表示:“早年那段黑暗岁月,美国的政策颇具争议。”这次访问让世人再次想起40年前阿根廷军政府镇压国内反对派的那段黑暗历史,美国在其中的角色也很不光彩,甚至“肮脏战争”的提法都是美国媒体提出来的。

庇隆总统影响下的阿根廷有一股庇隆主义运动,其内部分为左右翼。在国外流亡期间,庇隆曾鼓励左翼游击队组织以暴力方式对抗政府。1973年重新上台后,庇隆为了政治需要开始反对左翼。1974年7月1日,庇隆因心脏病突发身亡,他的妻子伊莎贝尔·庇隆继任总统,在反对左翼恐怖活动上进一步大幅度右转,授权军队全面负责反暴行动。在政府军的严厉打击下,左翼武装势力遭受重大损失。

1976年3月24日,以魏地拉为首的军人集团发动政变成功,魏地拉任总统。军政府上台,不仅打击左翼武装,还试图根除左翼依附的社会、政治、家庭关系网,消灭所有可能的反对者。阿根廷第三兵团指挥官卢西亚诺·梅内德斯将军直言:“我们将要杀掉50000人,25000名颠覆者,20000名同情者,还有5000人是误杀。”

军政府在各大城市建起秘密小组、一线组织、情报机构、隐藏据点等右翼恐怖系统。他们公开为军政府辩护,私底下采取“失踪”策略进行秘密绑架、监禁、拷打及处决。被捕者要遭受电夹、水淹、倒吊、棍棒殴打等酷刑,甚至孕妇、少年也一样被拷打。阿根廷海军机械学校当时是最大的杀戮营,关押的5000多人中只有200多人活了下来。有不少人是被喂了麻醉药后从飞机上扔到大海。当时,公开提出寻找亲友的人往往可能成为下一个失踪者,或者会加速其失踪亲友的死亡。

1982年,阿根廷与英国发生马岛战争,战败后,阿根廷军政府倒台。1983年10月,劳尔·阿方辛当选总统后,开始清算“肮脏战争”。当年12月开始审判军政府成员。1984年9月,阿根廷国家失踪人口委员会发布调查报告,8900多人被确认失踪,潜在失踪者可能还有4000多人。对于施暴者,调查结果称,直接参与的军警有1300多人,但没有公布名单。1985年12月9日法庭判决军政府首脑魏地拉、马塞拉终身监禁。1990年12月29日,总统卡洛斯·梅内姆特赦了魏地拉、马塞拉等人,这在当时引发争议。

军政府政变前后,美国福特政府对军政府抱着一种纵容、默许的态度。政变前双方已经暗通款曲,政变后的1976年3月27日,美国支持下的国际货币基金组织为阿根廷提供贷款1.27亿美元,同年4月上旬美国国会对阿根廷军政府特批了5000万美元军事援助。对于“肮脏战争”,美国国务卿基辛格曾在1976年6月10日参加美洲国家组织会议时,向阿根廷外交部长表示:“我们理解你们必须树立权威。”

1977年卡特就任美国总统,高举人权旗帜的卡特将阿根廷视为人权外交的首选国家。美国国务院官员接见阿根廷持不同政见者、人权积极分子。美国削减了一半以上的对阿根廷军事援助,但美国国防部仍动用70万美元训练217名阿根廷军人使用情报技术,这些人很可能回到阿根廷成为“肮脏战争”的帮手。里根当选总统之后,美国重视“反恐反共”而非人权,美国与阿根廷军政府的关系不断升温。1981年,美国要求其驻世界银行及其他金融组织代表停止反对向阿根廷提供贷款,还与阿根廷签署协议,阿根廷将在美国的支持下训练尼加拉瓜的反政府人员,而美国为阿根廷秘密提供5000万美元资助。可惜好景不长,随着美国在马岛战争中支持英国,美国成了阿根廷举国痛斥的对象。▲(金点强)

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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