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日本为何要抢在美国之前与中国建交?

2016-03-18 14:45:44   人民网

周恩来与田中角荣举杯庆祝中日建交(资料图)

本文原载于《文史博览》2012年第5期

日本大为尴尬的美国外交行动

新中国成立后,中国政府从中、日两国人民的根本利益及亚洲与世界的和平与稳定的大局出发,提出了实现中日邦交正常化的目标。然而,战后的日本在美国的压力下,1952年4月,吉田茂政府同台湾当局缔结了所谓的“和平条约”,宣布建立所谓的“外交关系”,公然对新中国进行挑衅,为中日邦交正常化设置了严重障碍。

在此情况下,中日关系不得不从民间入手,“民间先行,以民促官”,大力开展民间外交,以“渐进积累”方式为两国关系正常化创造条件。此后,中日两国的民间贸易和文化交流不断发展起来。日本人民要求恢复日中邦交正常化的呼声也日渐高涨,从而为两国关系在20世纪70年代取得突破打下了群众基础。

1971年7月15日上午,日本首相佐藤荣作开完内阁会议,刚要走出会议室,他的秘书把一份备忘录送到他面前。佐藤看完备忘录后,脸色顿时变了,只见上面写道:“基辛格博士于7月9日至11日访问了中华人民共和国。尼克松总统将于明年5月以前访华。(尼克松访华公报)发表时间为日本时间上午11时半。”佐藤连忙看手表,11时27分,离发表仅剩3分钟。

这则消息对他来说简直是“晴天霹雳”。他绝对没想到尼克松会把日本撇在一边,事先既不联系也不商量便密派基辛格作为其特使访华,并决定自己也亲自前往中国访问。仅在八个月前佐藤赴美访问时,尼克松还向他保证:“关于对华政策将来的发展,将继续与贵国密切联系和协商。”如今,尼克松这种撇开日本决定访华的做法使佐藤政府陷入尴尬境地。

佐藤荣作是1964年11月出任日本首相的。上台前,他在对华政策上讲了不少漂亮话。可执政后却继续追随美国,亲蒋反华。因此,在他执政的7年零8个月之中,中日关系依然原地踏步,没有任何进展。美国总统的中国之行和《中美联合公报》的发表,给日本带来巨大的冲击。日本政界一批有识之士以此为契机,强烈要求日本当局迅速开展自主和平外交,改善日中关系。

田中首相上台,接受访华邀请

1972年7月,在中国问题上一筹莫展的佐藤荣作在一片反对声中,被迫辞去首相职务。接着,田中角荣在选举中获胜,出任新首相,并很快组成了田中内阁,大平正芳任外相。

在7月7日召开的第一次内阁会议上,田中就公开宣布“要加快与中华人民共和国邦交正常化的步伐”。他还表示:“充分理解”中国政府一贯主张的中日邦交正常化三原则,即:一、中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府;二、台湾是中国领土的一部分;三、日台条约是非法的、无效的。大平正芳外相说得更加明确:为实现邦交正常化,首相或外相有必要在某个时期访华。

为加速中日邦交正常化的步伐,周恩来作了一系列安排。10日,周恩来派中日友协副秘书长孙平化率上海舞剧院到东京访问演出,并指示孙抓住时机,争取向田中首相当面转达他的邀请:“只要田中首相能到北京当面谈,一切问题都好商量。”7月16日,周恩来在会见日本社会党前委员长佐佐木更三时又表示:“如果日本现任首相、外相或其他大臣来谈恢复邦交问题,北京机场准备向他们开放,欢迎田中本人来。”

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