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美国海军从木船到航母:海地海军都曾是竞争对手

2016-03-11 16:32:42   文汇读书周报

美国海军从木船到航母

美国曾经有过一段“韬光养晦”的年代,日本军舰都已配备现代化装置的时候,美国海军舰队却还是木制舰。1898年西美战争的爆发,其实是一场蓄谋已久的复仇之战,更是美国成为海军强国的宣言之战,后来美国成为世界霸主。本文摘自《进步时代》,中国人民大学出版社出版,张国庆著。

隐忍了25年的“复仇”之战

准备好的美国之所以在1898年拿西班牙开刀,有几个耐人寻味的原因。

一是西班牙家道中落,无论是国力还是海军实力都大不如前,是美军扬威立万的好靶子。二是古巴形势的变化给了美国打击西班牙以可乘之机。1868年,古巴起义者发动了长达十年之久的反抗西班牙殖民统治的起义。在美国一些政要也发表声明支持古巴起义,格兰特总统甚至扬言不惜与西班牙一战,并发誓,“古巴必须自由,她的残暴敌人必须被粉碎”。

事实上,早在1873年,美国和西班牙就差一点发生战争。但颇为戏剧性的是,两强在最后时刻发生了世界海战史上少有的妥协,西班牙在最后一分钟进行了道歉,而美国国务卿菲什也欣然接受了。但真正的问题是,以菲什为代表的格兰特政府的多数人都担心美国海军并不能够应对挑战。海军,始终都是美国军事发展的痛。

在海洋问题上,美国人当时还没有开窍,直到马汉的海权论深入人心和罗斯福的得势。

新海军从告别木船开始

知耻近乎勇,来自西班牙和智利的刺激,提升了美国政界和军界的海军意识。1881年,加菲尔德上台后不久,他便组建了一个“海军计划委员会”,海军部1881年的年度报告令人震惊地指出,140艘现役的海军战舰只有31艘具有战斗力,这加深了美国海军的危机感。在此基础上,1882年,美国国会自内战结束后第一次投票赞成建造新的战舰。但这毕竟是一个重要的开始,也喻示着主张大力发展海军的力量逐渐占了上风。1882年也由此被看作美国“新海军”的开端。

伴随着海军拨款法案的通过,1886年,国会通过了一项法令:任何新的美国军舰都应由美国的钢铁制成。这对美国的钢铁业无疑是一个福音,同时也使美国海军开始告别“木船时代”。

值得一提的是,当初美国海军坚持“木船路线”也与国会有关,由于技术高速发展从而使得一些装备很快过时,出于经济的考虑,美国国会的一个委员会提议建造一支“一次性的海军队伍”,这支海军应当不用钢铁,而是依靠价格低廉的白橡木建造舰船,朽损时就卖掉,再建新舰。国会的这种自以为是的精明之举,曾令主张大力发展海军的人士捶胸顿足,他们眼睁睁地看着一个个国家从美国这艘“大木船”旁超越而过,只能无奈地抱怨国会的短视。

大国崛起,海军不能缺席

为美国海军扩张助力的,是“天定命运”论的抬头。正如美国历史学家指出的那样,“在19世纪的最后20年中,美国从孤立主义走向帝国主义,它把理想主义、文化沙文主义与经济谋取暴利融为一体,向海外扩张。‘天定命运’论再次粉墨登场,这次罩上了‘科学’的面纱,他们坚持说,国家的行为也和生物界一样,只有适者才能生存。因此,强国显然可以把其势力向弱国扩张。”这种舆论氛围使海权论等扩张海军的理念得以流行,一些海军军官或海军代言人甚至还著文宣扬“战争的好处”。这也使得在这20年间及罗斯福主政的时期,代表着对外扩张的海军明显要比陆军更受重视,投入也更多。

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