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从清朝GDP世界第一的讹传说起!

2016-03-11 16:08:38   徐焰

清朝GDP世界第一的讹传说起

现代传媒的发达特别是互联网的普及使人们进入了“信息爆炸”的新环境。随之而来的是商品经济社会尚不完善时“假冒伪劣”横行的现象也出现在了信息领域,表现为劣质或虚假消息在媒体上泛滥。再加上如今的社会浮躁之风兴起,很多人对这些“假冒伪劣”信息不愿费力求证,只顾盲目引用,结果导致以讹传讹的效应。

这样的例子不胜枚举,近年来被引用颇多的“鸦片战争时中国国内总产值(GDP)占世界1/3”之说便是一个典型。鸦片战争时的中国极度贫困落后,竟被说成“仍然是世界上首屈一指的制造业大国”,还称GDP远超英国,这真让熟悉近代史的人惊诧。此说出自英国著名经济学家安格斯·麦迪森的著作,著有《大国的兴衰》的美国学者保罗·肯尼迪在其著作中也引据过这一数据。国外有些严肃学者曾对此质疑,麦迪森只好承认是靠“猜测”。其依据是1840年中国人口达4亿、占人类1/3,其生产力虽落后于欧洲却优于亚、非、拉美土著,因而就取全球人均中间数值。这种估算法有明显的经济学错误,即忽略了工业化产能与农耕生产力水平的巨大“代差”。

西方资本主义在工场手工业时期的生产力就已大大超过以自然经济为主体的东方。以18世纪70年代蒸汽机问世为标志的工业革命开始后,英国人均产值在70年间又增长了20倍。1840年的英国人口虽只有2000万,总产值却肯定远超中国。当时中国以家庭男耕女织的农业自然经济为绝对主体,根本无法进行GDP计算,只有清政府年财政收入为4000万两白银的统计。当时英国也无GDP统计,经济实力主要体现为政府收入。1840年其财政收入高达5200万英镑,按贸易汇率折合3.46亿两白银。换句话说,鸦片战争时白金汉宫掌握的钱财是紫禁城的8倍多。

当时的法国、普鲁士等国也初步实行工业化,财政收入都远高于中国。就连刚刚崛起不久的美国,年财政收入也达2600万美元,按汇率比中国多一半。西方人正是靠着雄厚财力和工业能力才以“坚船利炮”打开了中国贫弱“天朝”的大门。实际上,中国直到1950年才首次统计出当时的GDP为426亿元人民币(新币),相当于同年美国GDP的3.8%、世界总量的1.4%。2014年中国GDP世界第二,达到美国的60%、世界总量的13.6%,这恰恰说明了新中国建设的辉煌成就。

近些年一些西方学者抛出离谱的荒诞数据,有的是因对中国历史无知,有的则是出于否定中国近现代革命和建设成就的政治需要。国内一些非专业的写作者不加分辨地引用这些看似醒目惊人的数据,只能落得忽悠国人甚至造成认识混乱。

除了以上例子,还有诸如“美国留着油田不开采,日本买煤埋在海里”等一些谣言广为流传。其实顺手查下世界经济指标统计,就可知道美国石油产量一直位居世界前列,近来油气产量甚至夺冠。至于过去多年间媒体上盛传的“宇航员在太空能用肉眼看到长城”,更是缺乏基本科学知识的笑话。

正所谓“没有调查就没有发言权”,只可惜这些年有些人只顾吸引眼球,经常不负责任地随意引用劣质或虚假信息。事实情况是,在当今时代面对海量信息的情况下,人们只有更加注意分辨真伪和“打假”,才能保障信息传播的良好环境。(作者是国防大学技术二级教授,少将)

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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