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苏联为何制造“卡廷惨案”屠杀两万波兰精英?

2016-03-10 16:49:38   天津网

戈尔巴乔夫讲述了这前前后后的情景:总统档案馆工作人员在得知戈尔巴乔夫即将向叶利钦交权后,对密档第一卷的命运感到担忧。他们认为戈尔巴乔夫事先应当了解密档的内容,因此,总统办公室主任向戈尔巴乔夫报告了情况,并将密档第一卷摆在总统办公桌上。数小时后,戈尔巴乔夫会见了叶利钦。当时,协助戈尔巴乔夫的“苏联改革设计师”雅科夫列夫也在场。

在开启封印看了文件之后,戈尔巴乔夫说,“我们的头发都竖起来了”、“我们无权向波兰隐瞒事实,我们三个人当即认为,不论后果如何,也应向波兰方面通报”、“我对叶利钦说:‘鲍里斯,现在该由你做这件事了’”。

其实,在1990年4月,波兰总统雅鲁泽尔斯基访苏时,在澄清卡廷事件真相问题上,戈尔巴乔夫已经向前迈了一步。他承认“卡廷惨案”是“斯大林主义的罪行”,并向雅鲁泽尔斯基转交了一部分有关卡廷事件的档案材料,但密档第一卷却紧锁在总统密档铁柜中。

    一年半后,苏联解体,戈尔巴乔夫向叶利钦交权,特地移交了这卷密档。又过了10个月,叶利钦决定将这卷密档的副本转交波方。叶利钦的特使、国家档案馆馆长鲁道尔夫·皮霍亚前往华沙,完成了这一使命。在1992年10月14日举行的转交仪式上,波兰总统瓦文萨手接密档,语音嘶哑地说,他“感到全身颤抖”。

至此,苏联当权者坚持半个世纪的弥天大谎被戳穿。原来,枪杀成千上万名波军战俘的人,不是苏联一口咬定的德国法西斯,而是苏联自己。

密档第一卷内共有三份文件。第一份是斯大林等人签署的1940年3月5日联共(布)中央的决定。

第二份是1940年3月5日贝利亚给斯大林的报告。 贝利亚的报告详细说明了自1939年9月17日苏联出兵波兰后,被苏联关押在三个大战俘营以及其他营地和监狱中的波军被俘军官及其他人员的人数、军阶、职业和政治态度。报告说他们是苏维埃“不共戴天的敌人”,因此建议按“特别程序”审理,处以极刑——枪决。据此,联共(布)政治局当日通过决定,授权内务人民委员会对报告中所列25700人执行枪决。

第三份文件是1959年3月3日克格勃头目谢列平给苏共总书记赫鲁晓夫的报告。报告核实“卡廷惨案”中被枪杀的总人数为21857人。报告强调档案馆继续保留这些人的人事档案对苏联和对“波兰朋友”已无必要和价值,而且“一旦泄密,必将危害国家”,因此建议全部销毁。这份文件无可争辩地表明,苏联领导人坚持将错就错,继续歪曲和隐瞒真相。

密档第一卷解密后,波兰总统瓦文萨致信叶利钦,称赞他的“勇气”,并说波俄两国人民之间的关系已掀开“面向未来,以相互谅解、合作和理解为基础的新的一页”。波兰报刊也称赞叶利钦做出的“悔罪的姿态”,“其伟大可同1970年12月德国总理勃兰特在华沙犹太人起义英雄纪念碑前的跪拜请罪相提并论”。

但令波兰人不解的是,为什么1992年4月瓦文萨访俄时,叶利钦没有转交密档第一卷,而要选择当年10月俄宪法法庭准备弹劾他时才转交呢?

有人据此指责叶利钦也在有意地拖延和隐瞒,并利用密档玩政治游戏。叶利钦则反唇相讥,说“这个问题不应该问我,苏联应对罪行负责”。他还说戈尔巴乔夫很早以前就看过密档,是他长期“保持沉默”。

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