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张学良提出加入中国共产党:苏联为何阻拦?

2016-03-04 14:56:55   人民网

张学良

本文摘自《革命》,杨奎松 著,广西师范大学出版社出版

此时红军主力集中甘北作战,陕北后方空虚已极,东北军大举推进,特别是直捣红色首都瓦窑堡,不可避免地会在红军及苏区群众心理上造成极大损伤。因此,中共中央将这件事看得相当严重和急迫。然而,周恩来的几封电报却未能使局势出现转机。12日,只有正在洛川的刘鼎来电说明王以哲部向苏区推进事实为西北“剿总”命令,现已通知停止,军部允许暂待二三日张学良返归再定下一步如何行动。可是,13日,与红军有过接触的一○七师司令部,仍派何东升副官送来公函,声称该部“奉命向蟠龙镇及永坪镇、瓦窑堡各地前进”,要求红军“予以方便”。

在整个形势极端有利于发动东北军参加抗日反蒋的西北大联合计划之际,公开与东北军重开战火,自然不是中共中央所情愿的。何况二十九军和三十军因距离较远,来不及回防,故周恩来等不得不委曲求全,努力争取和平解决此一事件。

为此,周特派联络局局长李克农直接与一○七师师长刘翰东联系,说明与张学良、王以哲前此约定之双方地域范围,要求该军停止继续向前推进。为了能够证明双方高层已建立统战关系,阻止对方推进,李克农这时不惜将王以哲与周恩来的通电直接出示给了刘翰东等人。此举为王以哲得知后,又不免引起王极度不满。事实上刘翰东因直接受命于“剿总”,也并不因见到周、王通电即停止部队的推进。他表示,无论从执行“剿总”命令角度,还是从指挥部下角度,他都难以取消此次行动,不如红军适当配置兵力,迟滞东北军前进,“以释群疑”。李克农虽亲自跑去蟠龙镇面见刘说明情况,刘还是坚持非进不可。他强调,中央军汤恩伯部正从山西渡河大举西来,瓦窑堡终不可守,红军不如干脆放弃,这也便于东北军用以宣传,消除南京方面的怀疑。李克农使命所在,也只能坚不退让,解释说,东线之敌并无进占瓦市企图,“我军奉命决在官路坡、杨高坡、涧山地进行顽强防御,巩固瓦市”。这意味着,刘师其实并不真的打算停止不进,红军亦不愿放弃瓦市,东北军和红军之间停熄了几个月的战火,难免还会重新点燃。

直到6月15日,王以哲有电来解释原委,并致歉,形势才又出现转机。据王说,此次东北军北进,纯粹是因为西北“剿总”中蒋介石亲派的晏道刚参谋长等乘张学良不在西安和王以哲不在洛川之机发布的进剿命令,并急催前进,致使前方东北军将领只得听令而行。王以哲此时才得以在西安电令六十七军所属前进各师停止、原地不动,并将此一情况通报给了周恩来。

17日,刘翰东果然也收到新令并发来信函,通知李克农一○七师已经收到王军长电令,并于现地停止前进。而后,刘翰东、吴克仁两师终于分别退出了进占的永坪、蟠龙两镇,使眼看就要发生的冲突终于得到化解。

然而事情却并未能因此了结。这是因为,瓦窑堡这时事实上已经成为战区,不仅南面的东北军,而且北面的高双成部,特别是东面西渡而来的中央军汤恩伯部都已距瓦窑堡不远,红军此时在陕北后方之兵力只有由地方独立团扩编而成的二十九、三十两个军,两部即使撤回瓦窑堡驻防,不仅兵员少,战斗力也不强,要抵抗国民党军几方面的进攻也是不可能的。故瓦窑堡要确保不失是没有可能的,毛泽东等也已看得很清楚,故还在15日中央军委就已经做出了中央机关全部随主力西撤的具体部署。命令称:“甲、东北军现三路向瓦窑堡前进,昨日其左中两路已抵安塞、蟠龙,右路达下步塔,今日可到永坪。清绥敌人亦有配合前进可能。乙、估计到瓦窑堡迟早必失,我军决搬空瓦市,准备作战。中央及军委各机关准备移至洪德城河连湾一带,其辎重先行,并以杨家园子及吴起镇附近为转运休息地点。丙、军委决定:

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