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1958年台海金门炮战:美军险用原子弹袭击厦门

2016-03-03 13:53:38   新华网


资料图:金门炮战宣传画

原标题:美国档案揭秘:1958年金门炮战美军险用原子弹炸厦门

美军起了动用核武的念头

1958年8月,台湾海峡战云密布。为打击美蒋签了所谓的《共同防御条约》,解放军在福建前线大量集结。8月23日,解放军炮轰金门。由于美国空军的部分力量在1958年7月忙于应付黎巴嫩危机,因此,美国空军无法按照《共同防御条约》的约定,在台海地区部署军力,这让美军动起了用核武器的危险念头。

该次解密文件《5次国际危机中的美国空军(1958~1965)》披露了美国的决策过程。文件指出:“战略空军指挥部通知下属机构,一旦冲突升级,5架轰炸机将使用1万吨到1.5万吨TNT炸药威力的战术原子弹(当量与广岛原子弹相近),对厦门的机场进行空袭。”但8月23日金门炮战发生后,美国高层却没有按照空军预想的对大陆进行核打击,这是为什么呢?

解密文件显示,时任美国海军作战部部长的阿里·伯克上将对此早有预感。他对空军的菲尔特将军说:“坚持在大陆的敌对行动一开始就使用核武器,总统可能不会同意。”阿里·伯克是从政治角度分析的——自1958年3月31日起,苏联宣布单方面停止任何类型的核武器的试验,为取得外交上的主动权,美国必须在台海地区限制核武器的使用。

总统否决因考虑苏联核力量

8月25日,艾森豪威尔总统在白宫与高级幕僚们开会,他决定“不在台海地区使用核武器,并用常规武装力量援助台湾”。4天后,他派空军混合打击力量支援远东,并表示:“即使金门被轰得底朝天,我们也不要急于使用核武器!”

文件显示,艾森豪威尔对其决策是这么解释的:核武器有其固有的缺点,虽然能杀伤对手,但其辐射尘也可能伤及台湾民众。历史学家们猜测,从冷战时期的国际形势分析,艾森豪威尔这一决策的深层原因,可能是考虑到苏联核力量的威慑。

1958年中苏关系“蜜月期”虽临近结束,但双方的分歧尚未公开。尽管艾森豪威尔早些时候已针对苏联的核威胁制定了“大规模报复战略”,但他显然对在核战争中打赢苏联没有必胜的把握。

金门炮战发生后的9月7日,赫鲁晓夫致函艾森豪威尔,就台湾海峡的紧张局势向美发出警告:“在核武器及火箭武器时代,曾经严重地威胁海上船只的海军舰队,基本上只适合礼节性的参观,再就是成为各种类型导弹的攻击目标。”这话显然是针对艾森豪威尔当时派第七舰队到台湾海峡“巡逻”一事。

赫鲁晓夫强调:“美国在核垄断早已被打破的情况下,仍企图用核武器威胁其他国家,这是完全没有希望的事。”因此,艾森豪威尔如果想用核武器袭击厦门,就不得不考虑当时仍和中国处在同一阵营的苏联的态度。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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