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美苏曾大打“性别战”:为太空第一女较劲

2016-02-17 16:34:10   金点强

作者:金点强

冷战期间曾有这样一幅图片:赫鲁晓夫高举第一位遨游太空的女宇航员瓦莲京娜·捷列什科娃和保持着在太空停留时间纪录的宇航员瓦莱里·别克维斯基 的手。这是那个时代美苏太空竞争的一个缩影,为了压对方一头,也为了创造出更有效果的宣传价值,双方为各种“第一次”较劲,而苏联一度占据上风:第一次成 功发射人造地球卫星,第一次拍到月球背面的照片,第一次载人太空飞行,第一次太空漫步,将第一名女宇航员送上天———事实上,送男女宇航员上天并无太大差 别,但为了“第一”,美苏打了一场“性别大战”。

赫鲁晓夫秘密谋划送女宇航员上天

1961年4月12日,苏联宇航员加加林乘坐“东方1号”宇宙飞船从拜科努尔发射场起航,在最大高度为301公里的轨道上绕地球一周,完成了世 界上首次载人宇宙飞行。加加林的“第一次”轰动世界,也使得想在各个方面都超过美国的苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫深感满足。这时,他萌生了将苏联女宇航员第一个送 上太空的念头。

将女性送上太空的想法最初是由负责航天事务的苏联空军总司令助理尼古拉·卡马宁中将提出来的。1961年12月23日,也就是加加林首次飞上太 空8个月后,苏共中央主席团举行会议通过了关于组建女子宇航员中队的建议。卡马宁在日记中写道:“这是我本人的重大成功。我花了6个多月时间才说服了科罗 廖夫、克尔德什、韦尔希宁、马利诺夫斯基等人。今后我将竭尽所能,争取在1962年下半年将苏联女性送上绕地轨道。”根据会议指示,总设计师科罗廖夫开始 从全国的太空俱乐部寻找合适人选。卡马宁还透露,把女宇航员送入太空,具有重大的政治意义,将在与美国的太空争夺中占据心理优势。

首名女宇航员惊险着陆

1962年初,挑选女宇航员一事在严格保密的情况下进行。当时主要是从苏联各地航空爱好者俱乐部的女飞行员和女跳伞运动员当中挑选。当局先是从 数百人当中选出60人参加体检,经过层层筛选,最后选中5人,分别是雅罗斯拉夫尔工业布料厂团委书记瓦莲京娜·捷列什科娃、莫斯科无线电电子工业研究所一 级实验员塔基杨娜·莫洛兹切娃等。她们的年龄在20-28岁之间。

这些未来的女宇航员们在莫斯科附近一个秘密军事基地接受训练。训练接近尾声时,军方按照能力高低将她们排序。其中,瓦莲京娜并不是能力最拔尖 的,她还有一个弱点,就是政治上不太过关,她的父亲于1939年上了前线,但后来下落不明,疑似逃兵。最终,塔基杨娜被选中担任首飞任务。可是,出人意料 的是,在一次体检中,塔基杨娜被发现怀孕了。当局十分恼火,立即决定由瓦莲京娜替补完成飞行任务。

1963年6月16日,瓦莲京娜乘“东方-6”号飞船,在太空飞行了71小时,航程200万公里,成为世界上第一位太空女宇航员。但由于当时着 陆技术还不成熟,瓦莲京娜在着陆时头部被狠狠地撞了一下,打开舱门时被发现已经昏迷过去。她被紧急空运到莫斯科抢救,直到苏联最权威的医疗专家宣布她脱离 生命危险,大家才松了一口气。第二天,瓦莲京娜接到命令,要她重返着陆地点,拍摄世界上第一位女宇航员安全着陆的“正面材料”。相关人员专门对她进行了化 妆,再把她放进载人舱,然后补拍了一系列镜头:人们欢呼着奔向着陆点,打开舱门,看到满脸笑容的瓦莲京娜安然坐在舱内……很快她的照片传遍世界。

这次飞行让瓦莲京娜收获了各种荣誉和奖章,随后,她前往茹科夫斯基空军工程学院深造,并于1977年获工程学博士学位。其间,她当选为苏联最高苏维埃成员,在1991年之前,她还长期担任苏联最高苏维埃主席团成员、苏共中央委员会成员。1997年,瓦莲京娜退休。

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