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斯大林为何支持金日成发动朝鲜战争:报复毛泽东

2016-02-01 16:49:02   人民网

1950年10月19日黄昏,中国人民志愿军跨过鸭绿江,开赴朝鲜战场。(新华社发)

本文原载于《国家人文历史》2013年第3期,原标题为“斯大林支持金日成发动朝战的动机”

1950年1月以前,斯大林为了避免在远东陷入与美国的冲突,一直反对金日成采取军事手段解决朝鲜半岛的统一问题。但是1月30日他突然给苏联驻朝大使什特科夫发出一封电报说,金日成“想对南朝鲜采取如此大的行动,是需要充分准备的。此举必须组织得不冒太大风险。如果他想同我会谈此事,那么,我随时准备接见他并同他谈。请把此事转告金日成并且告诉他,在这件事上我准备帮助他”。得知金日成听到这个消息后十分满意和激动,斯大林又向什特科夫发出了一个补充指示: “请向金日成同志解释,在目前情况下,他想和我讨论的这个问题应该始终是机密的。不能把这件事告诉其他任何北朝鲜领导人和中国同志,更不能让我们的对手知道。”那么,斯大林为什么会在1月底突然改变了对朝鲜半岛的政策? 为什么还要瞒着当时就在莫斯科访问的毛泽东? 或者说,斯大林同意金日成采用军事手段的真实动机究竟是什么?

这里有一个时间节点特别值得注意: 1月26 日,中方提出了关于旅顺口、大连港和中长路的协定草案,要求在两年内收回中国在东北的全部主权;1月28日,苏联退回经修改的中方文本,基本上接受了中国的要求;1月30日,斯大林给什特科夫发电报,表示同意金日成的军事计划并愿意提供帮助。由此,笔者有一个推断: 中苏同盟条约的签订将使苏联失去通向太平洋的唯一的出海口和不冻港,这无疑是一个战略利益的重大损失,其结果将导致苏联在亚洲失去战略依托。斯大林同意金日成对南朝鲜发动进攻,就是想通过这次军事行动来重建或保障苏联在远东地区的这一传统战略的支撑点。

斯大林一向思维缜密、行事谨慎,他当然会想到军事进攻有两种结果——顺利或者不顺利。在战争胜利的情况下,苏联就会控制整个朝鲜半岛,仁川、釜山或其他南朝鲜的港口就将替代旅顺口和大连港的作用。即使战争失利,苏联仍然能够如愿以偿,因为东北亚的紧张局势会迫使中国要求苏联军队留驻旅顺、大连,而根据中苏双方的协定,一旦出现战争或危急局面,苏联军队有权使用中长铁路。所以,斯大林显然已经预见到,在朝鲜半岛出现的武装冲突,无论其结局如何,都将保证苏联在远东设定的战略目标——获得太平洋的出海口和不冻港。后来事情的发展果然不出斯大林所料。由于朝鲜战争的爆发,中国不得不开放中长铁路,并请求苏军继续留驻旅顺基地。

总之,斯大林在解决与毛泽东结盟中的经济利益冲突时,对苏联在远东的战略利益是有缜密和通盘考虑的。而如此设想和计划的结果是,苏联既可以通过军事和政治同盟使中国加入莫斯科的东方集团,又能够保证其在远东的战略地位。这不能不说是斯大林对毛泽东的报复:本来斯大林是同意先帮助中共解决台湾问题,然后再考虑朝鲜问题。后来突然秘密召见金日成,讨论朝鲜半岛的统一问题,显然已经把中共进攻台湾的战役置之脑后了。由此展开,美国学者柯庆生从另一个角度对斯大林同意发动朝鲜战争的行为的解释,也是比较合理的: “正是因为斯大林怀疑毛泽东可能成为铁托主义者或者亚洲的列宁,才使得金日成撬动东亚共产主义运动的努力成为可能。”

当朝鲜战场的局势出现逆转的时候,毛泽东和中共确实面临着严峻考验。究竟是亚洲的铁托,还是苏联的忠实盟友,全部问题就聚焦于一点:中国在危急时刻是否能够出兵援助朝鲜。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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