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1860年中国制造业排世界第一 总产值占全球32.9%

2016-02-01 16:29:27   中国新闻网

即使数据可能有所夸张,但仍有大量“事实”可以证明“中国制造”的魅力——仅在1855年,茶叶输出量就高达15793700磅,5年后更上升到4千万磅;景德镇烧造的白瓷,在广州依照西洋画法彩绘后,行销海外;丝绸甚至出现在英国乡村小镇杂货铺的货架上。而衣被于天下的中国织布业,甚至将印度当成了原料产地。

但这个“世界第一”并非一架充满活力、喷吐着蒸汽高速运转的机器,而是由全国各地难以计数的小手工业者,长期默默无闻的工作拼凑起来的泥足巨人。

在传统中国,制造业被认为是“副业”,丝绸和布匹的产出靠的不是大工厂里联合作业和机器生产,而是家庭主妇一寸一寸辛勤地踏机纺纱,其目的也不完全是为了适应市场,更多是为了补贴家计。至于我们津津乐道的苏绣、闽茶、景德瓷等,大规模的生产只出现在几个地区,联合的生产方式亦甚少见,更多的是以家族为基础的生产模式。

在清代景德镇,往往一个窑厂的徒工就是一个家族,维系家族产业是这种制造业的根本,个人获得薪酬几乎可以微乎不计,因为所有盈利都会在家族内进行分配。物质资本的积累也几乎不会用来进行技术革新——很多家庭以家中的窑和手艺有着数百年的传承而自豪,技术革新被认为是“有悖祖道”。

这种“神话第一”,看起来辉煌无比,但其实就像瓷器一样,美丽、精致,但是易碎。欧洲凭借其强大的技术革新力量强占中国全球制造业第一的地位,中国“神话第一”的地位也走到了尽头。

洋务运动

1860年之前,中国不需要西方的承认,它维持着一个唯我独尊的幻象,至少在1858年《天津条约》里“自不得提书‘夷’字”的条款之前,帝国仍然固执地对西方以蛮夷视之。而1860年《北京条约》之后,中国对西方的看法改变了,一种对等的国际关系正在逐渐建立起来。尽管是建立在西方枪炮威胁的基础上,但中国终于发现自己需要得到西方,更确切地说是得到世界的承认。

1863年—1864年翻译出版的《万国公法》是一个长久以来被遗忘的里程碑,它标志着中国为加入国际的游戏规则自觉做出的重大努力。这一切,都被包括在后来所说的“洋务运动”中。

但在中国的标准教科书中,洋务运动是一段失败的历史,它是中国被迫卷入资本主义世界市场所做出的无可奈何的反应。贝洛赫在《1750—1980年国际工业化水平》里的数据指出,从1860年中国在世界工业生产份额跌至第二之后,到洋务运动进行到第19年的1880年,更跌至12.5%,排在美国之后,落到第三,之后则是一路下坡,直到1900年跌至令人脸红的6.2%。

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