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解放军1949年原计划收复香港

2016-01-07 16:57:52   人民网

本文摘自《进城:1949》,朱文轶 著,广西师范大学出版社出版

“建国后,我们对外贸易基本上就是两条腿,一条是对‘苏新’(苏联和新民主主义国家)贸易,一条是对资贸易。”建国后在粤海关任职的吕健行说,“前者以重工业贸易为主,出口机器和一些重工业材料,但苏联的重工业本身很发达,依靠这部分创收外汇很有限,因此实际上,后者在当时的背景下才显得更为重要。通过广州这个口岸,经港澳,出品土特产、食品是当时更重要的创汇渠道,尽管这些出口产品的单件价值不高,但数量很庞大。中国当年有近一半甚至更高的外汇收入来自香港,而它们要全部经由广州。”吕健行在国民党时代就是广州海关一名官员,作为最早引进西方文官制度的海关系统,从国民政府时期就有三年一届国内调动海关官员的传统,1949年,在重庆海关转正不久的吕健行刚被调到粤海关,新的时代就开始了。

解放前后最早充分利用这个通道的是急于逃出国内的民间资本。“上海、江浙一带的官僚资本和市场游资大量南流,通过广州,经香港流到境外。”吕健行回忆,“当时‘申电’成为最流行的金融衍生品,这种上海对广州的电报汇款,实际上是把国内资金由旧政府的货币变成港币后流入香港,再利用香港的自由金融市场就地投机,或转移至国外。在1948年到1949年初广州的银行、钱庄之间形成了复杂的三角套汇关系。”解放后,这个通道的价值被新政权再度利用。

广州解放入城式举行的前一天,马世诚所在的部队接到命令,继续从广州向南出发,收复香港、澳门,“我们走了三天时间,到了‘深圳河’,因为天热,大家到那儿就都下河冲凉了。”马世诚回忆说,“就在这时候,部队通讯官突然说上面有新命令,不让继续前进了。”

直到上世纪80年代,马世诚才从他的上级张实杰那里了解到那次行军被意外叫停的真实原因。“解放后,部队的老战士重新聚会,张将军才告诉我们,当年,是潘汉年和廖承志二人向中央进言,认为1949年军队不宜进驻香港,理由是:当时美国执行杜勒斯的封锁政策,上海、天津、青岛等港口城市与国外的贸易往来几乎断绝,如再收回香港,则这唯一通向国际社会的贸易渠道将会被封闭,共和国初建,急需的军事物资和唯一的外汇收入渠道也必然断绝。对于香港而言,也必将成为死港。因此,在一定时期保留香港自由港的地位,由英国人暂时管辖,这就等于把美国对中国的封锁线撕开一个缺口。”

潘、廖二人的估计事后被证明十分准确,吕健行说:“因为香港转口贸易的急剧萎缩,香港政府对禁运采取了两面政策。它不断颁布法令,扩大禁运范围;但在美国的压力稍微放松时,对商人申请出口的‘特定物品’,暗中批准出口。在对向中国内地走私的管制方面,总的来说是时紧时松。因美国派人监视,1952年夏管制较严。但到了年终,香港政府又想出办法,工商管理处用出口禁运品可以不予存档的办法,来对付美国的监视。”“这为内地开创了一条宝贵的贸易通道。除了像霍英东这样的港澳华商外,一些资本主义国家和这些国家的商人也以港、澳为基地与中国内地进行公开或秘密的贸易。就是美国对中国的贸易也未完全禁绝,仅就美国官方1952年的统计,这一年美国从广州口岸输入中国的货物就价值2770万美元。”

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