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周恩来鲜为人知的“特务”生涯

2015-12-08 16:46:57   人民网

中共“特科”的组织逐步扩大,先后设立四个科:一科总务,科长洪扬生,此前称为“总部”,负责中央机构的警卫与其他事务工作。二科情报,科长陈赓,负责打入敌探机关,侦获情报。三科“红队”(打狗队),主要任务是武装保护机关安全,惩办叛徒内奸,队长蔡飞、谭忠余。四科无线电台,负责筹建秘密无线电通信,负责人李强、陈寿昌。

总务科的重要任务是保障中央会议。那时的中共中央革命热情高涨,自身处于非法状态,还要频繁召开全国性大会。1930年全国苏维埃代表大会筹备会议、1931年中央六届四中全会,到会人都有好几十。总务科先租下外国租界里的楼房,安排自己人居住进去掩护,再把数十位会议代表分别安排在旅社住宿。开会时楼外有红队便衣骑车望风巡逻,楼下有“太太”打牌望风,楼上有总务科“佣人”服务。代表们在楼上开会,一旦有情况外围立即报警阻击,代表则从暗道转移。总务科还负责营救被捕同志。中共暗中支持成立了一个由宋庆龄任主席的社会团体“中国互济总会”,通过法律程序公开营救被捕同志。中央政治局委员任弼时两次被捕,都由特科收买巡捕房营救成功。1929年8月中央军委委员彭湃、杨殷被捕,周恩来亲自策划劫刑场。敌人将彭湃、杨殷押赴龙华执刑,红队化装成摄影队半路截击。由于沿途警戒森严,运送武器来迟,千钧一发之际,手无寸铁的红队眼看囚车过路,无法出手。罗亦农就义之后,特科冒险收殓埋葬遗体,还竖立了化名“罗四维君子之墓”的石碑。

负责情报的二科完全在搞“特务”工作。二科的陈赓、李克农、钱壮飞、胡底、潘汉年、陈养山、欧阳新、刘鼎、李宇超等人,都是中共的情报奇才。科长陈赓乃“黄埔三杰”之一,东征中救过蒋介石,还到苏联学习过保卫业务。二科发展了一个重要情报关系鲍君甫。国民党在南京成立调查科之初,寻求在上海建立特务组织,选中的驻沪特派员鲍君甫,恰恰是中共特科陈养山的密友!于是,国民党侦察中共中央机关的驻沪特务系统,就实际掌握在共产党手中。特科营救任弼时,就是通过鲍君甫往租界巡捕房送钱。关向应在法租界被捕,绝密的手抄文件也落入敌人手中。法国人看不懂中文,托鲍君甫找一位“鉴别专家”,于是特科的刘鼎就负责鉴别关向应的文件书籍。手抄的机密文件被刘鼎悄悄取回,鲍君甫又向法国人提供鉴定,证明此人的书籍不涉政治,关向应得以平安出狱。特科的秘密关系遍布各界。支持袁世凯当皇帝的“筹安会六君子”之一的杨度,也经周恩来批准而秘密加入共产党,积极营救李大钊,多次提供情报。

三科红队是行动组织,二十多条好汉在上海滩出生入死。罗亦农被叛徒何家兴、贺治华夫妇出卖,英勇就义。红队誓死报仇,满城追杀,何贺二人刚刚躲到蒲石路居住,第二天就被红队上门惩罚。出卖彭湃的叛徒白鑫曾任中央军委秘书,掌握内情甚多,中央命令红队将其除掉。但是,白鑫熟悉中共秘密活动规律,多次躲过红队刺杀。特科精心策划,陈赓、鲍君甫亲自现场侦察,就在白鑫动身离沪之际,红队在公安局督察员范争波的家门口将其击毙。

四科的无线电工作,由周恩来亲自部署创建。以往,中共传递情报的方式主要是邮政通信,经由国民党控制的邮检,很不可靠。由专门的秘密交通员送信,也得通过警察搜查,风险仍大。于是,绝密信件就要求交通员背诵下来,到达目的地再复诵出来。穿越山水阻隔,潜过敌人封锁,这种原始的传递方式往往要几个月才能沟通一次,效率太低。根据国际秘密工作经验,最可靠又最便捷的联络方式还是无线电。可是,电台这种现代化设备,却是难以到达中共手中。1928年10月,中共中央决定建立无线电。周恩来指派李强自行装配电台,指派张沈川考入国民党的无线电学校,还选送涂作潮等四人到苏联伏龙芝军事联络学校学习无线电技术。1929年冬,李强在上海英租界装配出电台设备,1930年初涂作潮回国协助,李强带着电台潜入九龙,从香港沟通上海,实现了中共首次远程无线电联络,中共的第一部无线电电台悄然诞生。1930年9月,周恩来亲自布置在上海举办训练班,为各地苏区和红军部队培训无线电干部。各地来人聚集上海福利电器公司工厂秘密学习。租界警方发现这个工厂颇为奇特,突袭逮捕五名教员和十五名学员。没有被捕的李强、毛齐华、伍云甫、曾三、涂作潮等人立即分散开来,继续培训无线电人员。

可以说,1927年11月创立的“中央特科”,标志着中共中央情报保卫系统的诞生。

总结中共创建的历史,往往说,毛泽东开辟了农村根据地,创建了红军。那么还应该说,周恩来开辟了城市秘密工作,创建了情报保卫工作。

“特务”其词,本属中性,然在国人印象中,却含贬义,这是因为国民党军统特务的名头太大。共产党在野时谴责国民党搞“特务统治”,执政后又一度把“抓特务”作为巩固政权的重要任务。

不过,定义总是形式上的,实体才是实在的。按目前“分类”,美国的CIA、苏联的克格勃、英国的军情五处、以色列的摩萨德,都属于特务机构或特务组织。

更让人想不到的是,现代中国第一个特务机构,不是国民党组织,而是由共产党创建。号称以弱胜强的中共,其实在秘密工作上始终领先国民党。新近出版的《中国秘密战》,就是一部中共情报、保卫工作的纪实作品。

原标题:现代中国最早“特务”组织由中共创建 周恩来任书记

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