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忽必烈两次进攻日本内幕

2015-11-13 16:48:47   人民网

1280年,忽必烈已经做好了再次发动侵日战争的准备。他开始征兵,调集粮草。1279年,他最后一次派遣使节去劝说日本人改变态度。然而,北条时宗声称这批使者是由间谍组成的,因此把他们全部砍头。为了报复,忽必烈发动了一场大规模的远征。在1280年早春以前,入侵方案已经全部布置就绪。远征军的统帅构成也仔细地进行了平衡,包括一个蒙古人,一个汉人和一个高丽人。高丽人洪茶丘担任这次战役的海军统帅,因为高丽国王坚持要由高丽人指挥海军中的本国水手。忽必烈选择不久前刚刚投降蒙古的南宋将领范文虎担任远征军汉军指挥,忻都为蒙古军指挥。在当年年底之前,忽必烈已经指定了10万大军由范文虎和忻都指挥。他向他们发放了军饷,提供了盔甲。高丽国王组织了一支10000人的军队,并提供了15000名水手,900艘船只以及粮食供应等。出于对高丽积极协助的感激,忽必烈特别指示他的军队,在穿越高丽国土开往海岸的途中,不得扰民。第二年,忽必烈又向他的军队补充了大量给养,包括军饷、盔甲和弓箭等。不过,福建安抚沿海都置制使蒲寿庚提供了惟一一条不协调的记录。他说,蒙古人要求他和他的百姓修造200只船。而实际上,他们只建造了50只船。他声称,200只船的建造任务远远超过了他们的承受能力。他对蒙古人不合理索求船只的含蓄批评,只不过是众多抱怨征日行动中的一个声音罢了。

元军统帅部组织了对日本海岛两翼夹击的突袭。40000名士兵从中国北部乘高丽船只开往壹岐岛,与从福建泉州开往那里的10万蒙古大军会合。他们计划从那里出发,联合攻击日本其他地区。根据中国方面的报告,这次远征一开始就有不祥之兆。这些预兆包括在海上看见了蛇,并闻到海水中发出的硫磺气味。而事实也正是这样,这次远征计划从一开始就出现了偏差。各个方面的将领显然在互相争论不休。从南部乘坐中国船只出发的部队延误了战机,因为他们庞大的队伍要求进行更复杂的后勤准备工作。从北方先期到达的军队,在高丽统帅的指挥下,等待了一段时期,终于"对中国舰队主力部队的到来"绝望了,于是,他们于6月10日攻占了壹歧岛。两个星期之后,他们向九州本岛进发。他们在宗像附近登陆,此处在日本人辛辛苦苦修建的主要防御工事的北边不远处。同时,南部的中国军队终于完成了他们的准备工作,并且在得知他们的盟军已经登陆以后,决定在九州与他们会师。他们在九州南部登陆,打算向北进攻,与其他元军会合。凭借如此强大的军事机器,成功应该完全是唾手可得的。

然而这次远征竟以悲惨的失败而告终。在8月整整1个月期间,日本军人成功阻止了由南、北两路而来的蒙古军队,使他们无法突破日本人用墙垣构成的防线。元军自身的缺陷也使得日本人的顽强抵抗更加有效。蒙古统帅和汉人统帅之间的紧张关系削弱了远征军的力量。占远征军绝大多数的汉人军队士气低落,根本不愿投入到这场艰苦的战斗中去。而且,他们在九州登陆以后,便发现自己处于危险境地,在受到敌人或自然灾害的袭击时无法有效保护自身免受伤害。他们驻扎在开阔地带,没有城堡、要塞或城镇作为屏障。这些屏障一方面可以提供适当的保护,另一方面也可由此向敌人发动突袭。因而,他们很少主动进攻日本人。这两支军队打了差不多两个月,但双方不分胜负。

突如其来的自然灾害使得蒙古人取胜的希望彻底化为泡影。8月15日和16日,发生在东亚的典型仲夏台风袭击了九州沿岸。高丽水手觉察到风暴即将来临,于是试图把船开往公海躲避危险,但他们的努力失败了。40000名北方战士中1/3被狂风消灭了,而10万名南方部队在试图逃脱时更有一大半葬身大海。被困在九州岛的战士或被屠杀,或被俘虏,或在企图借助留在岸边的小船逃跑时被淹死。

对日本人来说,这次台风绝不是一次意外事件。这是从神那里刮来的保护日本的神风,因为他们的土地是受神保护的。这次蒙古人入侵的失败使得自我膨胀的日本种族中心主义观点一度甚嚣尘上。对日本人来说,这次台风说明,神决不会允许敌人征服和占领他们的疆土。而对于蒙古人和忽必烈汗来说,这次失败则是毁灭性的。忽必烈一生中还从未遭受过如此惨重的损失。

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