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中国俄罗斯百年角力暗战史:外蒙古独立始末

2015-08-14 15:02:27   人民网

斯大林同意了蒋介石的要求。1945年8月14日,《中苏友好同盟条约》在莫斯科签订,宋子文拒绝签字并提出辞职,王世杰接任外交部长,代表中国签署了这份条约。第二天,日本宣布无条件投降。

条约既成,之后的事情就无可挽回了。1945年10月20日,外蒙古举行公民投票,蒋介石派内政部常务次长雷法章前往“观察”。蒋叮嘱雷:“只是观察,不得干预,也不要发表任何言论。”

而雷法章事后描述他所“观察”到的投票情况:“此项公民投票据称为外蒙古人民重向世界表示独立愿望之行动,实则在政府人员监督下,以公开之签名方式表示赞成独立与否,人民实难表示自由之意志。”投票结果显示,共计49万选民,98%参加投票,一致赞成外蒙古独立。

1946年1月5日,国民政府宣布,承认外蒙古独立。

国民党政府在联合国唯一一次反对票

1949年,蒋介石败退台湾,他对斯大林没有信守“不援助共产党”的承诺耿耿于怀。1952年,蒋介石一纸诉状告到联合国,指责苏联违约,要求废除《中苏友好同盟条约》。联合国确认苏联违背了条约规定,裁定条约无效。

1953年,在国民党“七大”上,蒋介石宣布不承认外蒙古独立,并就此作出沉痛检讨:“承认外蒙独立的决策,虽然是中央正式通过一致赞成的,但我本人仍愿负其全责。但我在当时,对外蒙问题唯有如此决策,或有确保战果,争取建国的机会。这是我的责任,亦是我的罪愆。”

可此时的国民党,早已无力收回外蒙古。1950年,毛泽东出访苏联,与斯大林签订《中苏友好互助同盟条约》,这份条约也承认了蒙古人民共和国的独立地位。

1955年8月,有18个国家申请加入联合国,其中就包括蒙古人民共和国,这是美苏两国已经达成默契的意见。然而此时,作为联合国五个常任理事国之一的中国,合法席位仍属台湾当局,蒋介石终于有了“出口气”的机会,投票前他就坚定表示,反对蒙古加入联合国。

这时的美国总统艾森豪威尔赶紧致信蒋介石,建议他不要反对蒙古加入联合国:“可以不投赞成票,弃权即可……这对我们双方都十分重要。”

蒋介石没有同意艾森豪威尔的建议。眼看投票日期临近,艾森豪威尔再次给蒋介石写信,声称蒋如果“滥用否决权,将是对安理会大多数成员意愿的对抗”。这种警告式的口吻激怒了蒋介石,第二天蒋就发布声明,宣布要投反对票,并且说到做到——在1955年12月13日的联合国大会上,由于中国投下的反对票,蒙古没能如愿加入联合国。

蒙古“入联”是在1961年。这一年,迫于国际压力,尤其是在与大陆政权争夺联合国合法席位的形势下,台湾当局妥协了,没有参加这一年的大会投票。1961年10月27日,联合国大会通过1630号决议,接纳蒙古加入联合国。

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