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1918北洋军阀武装护权:出兵俄国远东保护华侨撤退

2014-08-21 12:44:49   人民网

此时的庙街,驻扎了俄罗斯的白卫军和日军,日军还有4艘驱逐舰和1艘巡洋舰。平日里,白卫军与日军对这里的2000多华侨予取予夺,双方矛盾极深。

10月份,苏联红军开始攻打庙街,白卫军要求陈世英的舰队为他们协防,遭到陈世英的拒绝。不久,红军攻入庙街,白卫军撤离,红军将负隅顽抗的日军包围在日本领事馆内,但因为缺少重武器,难以攻克。这支红军部队纪律不错,对华侨并未骚扰。因此,当他们拜访陈世英,希望从中国舰队的炮艇上拆借几门大炮时,陈世英及各艇指挥官们经过会商,爽快地答应了。于是,“江亨”舰的1门边炮、“利川”舰的1门格林炮及一批炮弹,“借”给了红军。在中国大炮的帮助下,红军迅速攻占了日本领事馆,击毙日军数十人,俘获130余人。次年春天江面解冻,在此兵力单薄的红军主动撤离,撤离时指挥官下令将日军俘虏全部处决。日军卷土重来后,发现了“惨案现场”,并通过炮弹弹壳发现了中国军队支持红军的证据,恼羞成怒,派出军舰包围了中国舰队,并通过外交渠道提出抗议。

陈世英一面矢口否认,推卸得一干二净,一面积极备战,准备在庙街与日军决一死战。双方相持数月,在协约国各国的调停下,调查最后也无法证实中国军队协助了红军的进攻。中国军事法庭因此仅判处陈世英革职,“永不叙用”,而日军也无奈解除了对中国舰队的包围。“永不叙用”的陈世英后来悄悄更名为陈季良,依然在海军中供职,到抗日战争爆发后,他已经高居海军部政务次长兼第一舰队中将指挥官,亲自指挥了抗击日本海军的江阴海空保卫战。至于下令处决日军俘虏的苏联红军指挥官,则在日苏两国就“庙街事件”谈判时,被苏联军事法庭判处死刑。

除了“庙街事件”之外,北洋政府在中东铁路的问题上,也利用中国出兵西伯利亚的有利机会,大举动作。

1917 年12 月,哈尔滨中东铁路路区发生了布尔什维克暴动,在俄方请求下,北洋政府派兵干预,解除了布尔什维克的武装,并部分收回了中东铁路的管理权与监督权,为撤侨工作及不久后的出兵提供了保障。1919 年8月,北洋政府宣布在哈尔滨正式成立警察总局,从俄国人手中收回了大部分警权。

协约国进行共同干涉期间,中东铁路被纳入国际共管,但实际上主要由中国进行管理。1920年,协约国陆续从俄国撤兵,中东铁路的国际共管局面即将结束。由原沙俄政府任命的中东铁路管理局局长霍尔瓦特,为了对抗日本人扶持的谢苗诺夫政权,公开发布告示,宣称由他负责中东铁路范围内“俄民之国家统治权”。

黑龙江督军鲍贵卿立即向霍尔瓦特发出通牒,中东铁路完全属于中国领土,绝不容有第二国施行其统治权。在中央支持下,双方展开十余次谈判,中方工人开始全面罢工。当霍尔瓦特计划调动俄国护路军镇压罢工工人时,鲍贵卿向他发出最后通牒:俄军俄警的武装必须一律解除。霍尔瓦特试图反抗,但鲍贵卿迅速派出军队,强行解除了俄国护路军及哈尔滨市俄国军警的所有武装。这是近代史上中国军队第一次依靠武力收回国家主权。

北洋政府还展开了一系列收回国权的动作:

废止《中俄蒙协定》,出兵外蒙,1919 年11 月外蒙撤销自治,几乎成功回归中国;

积极提出修改《中俄伊犁条约》,与苏联地方政府在1920 年5月签署新的局部通商协定,废除了旧约中的不少不平等条款;

1920 年9 月发布大总统令,废除俄侨领事裁判权,收回俄租界;

1921 年8 月,《中俄伊犁条约》第四次十年届满,因无俄方政府可谈判修约,1922 年1 月以大总统令方式宣布废止俄商陆路减免税特权……

一个虽仍羸弱,却正在不断崛起的中国新形象,正出现在世人面前。

自强自立

在列强、尤其日苏两大强邻的操纵下,本该专注于国家建设的中国,却被深深卷入了争权夺利的内乱之中,城头变换大王旗,华侨再度成为被遗忘的弃民。

随着协约国军队陆续撤离,北洋政府也宣布从俄国境内撤兵。中国历史上首次武装护侨、撤侨告一段落。

苏联政权发布了两次对华宣言,宣布放弃沙俄攫取的在华特权。这曾经被讴歌为苏联的伟大情谊,而实际上,其所宣布放弃的特权,大多已经被北洋政府在此期间实际收回,苏联即使不放弃,也无法实际行使。

民国著名学者曾友豪在《中俄协定给予中国之利害》一文中,一针见血地指出:“我们要知道中国(从中苏谈判)所得的利益,并不一定是苏俄高兴给的,其实苏俄简直没有供给这些利益的能力。譬前俄帝国和中国缔结的不平等条约,自民国六年俄国帝制灭亡后,已不再为中国承认。纵使这一次苏俄政府不肯放弃前俄帝国与中国缔结的条约,苏俄也没有法子使中国承认。”

果然,新生的苏联那动听的“主义”之歌,只是其在国际孤立、四面楚歌状态下的缓兵之计和“合纵连横”之策。实际上,其脚跟尚未站稳时,远东苏维埃政权就悍然宣布,中东铁路界区为苏联领土。

1921年初,海兰泡、伯力等地再度发生排华事件,应侨胞要求,北洋政府在6月份再度“派军舰江亨赴黑河,利捷驻三江口,利绥、利川赴伯利”,“专备保护侨民之用”。但是,这似乎成了北洋政府护侨的绝响。

在列强、尤其日苏两大强邻的操纵下,本该专注于国家建设的中国,却被深深卷入了争权夺利的内乱之中,城头变换大王旗,华侨再度成为被遗忘的弃民。

护侨之兴衰,恰恰验证了《左传》中的箴言:“国之兴也,视民如伤,是其福也;其亡也,以民为土芥,是其祸也。”

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