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以敌为师:朝鲜战争之后中美相互学习对方的战术

2014-08-13 13:41:23   中国青年报

朝鲜战争就是拼后援和后勤,美军的后方遮断与志愿军打穿插异曲同工

朝鲜战争中,交战双方都认识到后援和后勤的重要性,并围绕阻断对手后援展开了一次次较量。

受武器装备的限制,志愿军主要采取穿插迂回的战法,把目标选择在敌人后方安危相关的薄弱点上,通过占领这些要点打乱美军的部署。

美军则凭借其空中优势,把破坏志愿军的后勤补给线作为其最重要的作战任务之一,对朝鲜北部的交通运输线进行长期的战略性狂轰滥炸,企图使志愿军前方部队陷入缺粮少弹的困境,不攻自破。

美军的具体做法是,在横贯朝鲜半岛的蜂腰部划定一个阻滞地带,以绝大部分空军和海军航空兵进行长时间毁灭性轰炸,切断志愿军的后方交通线,破坏志愿军的前后方联系,窒息其作战力量。美军把这种战略性轰炸称为“绞杀战”或“空中封锁战役”。

1951年8月,美军以其在朝空军的80%%开始执行“绞杀战”计划,半个月内炸毁铁路桥梁165座,线路450多处。到8月底,1200多公里的铁路线,能通车的线路仅有290公里,公路也受到严重破坏。9月以后,美军由普遍轰炸改为重点轰炸,每天出动500架(次)以上的轰炸机,重点轰炸清川江桥及其以南铁路枢纽地带,朝鲜北部铁路运输几乎瘫痪。虽然志愿军后来实施了反“绞杀战”,但后勤供应在长时间内仍处于一种较低水平,增加了志愿军组织大规模战役的难度。

美军实施的后勤“绞杀战”,实际是用火力切断后方支援和联系,孤立正面战场的志愿军,以获取作战优势。这种火力控制思想至今仍值得我们学习借鉴。美军在伊拉克战争中对伊方通信系统的打击、在科索沃战争中对南联盟工业体系的破坏,都可以看作是火力控制思想的升级。美军正是通过对后方目标的打击,从整体上削弱了对手的作战能力和作战意志,从而在正面战场上取得了压倒性优势。

从朝鲜战争起,美军培育出总结失败、不断创新的传统

朝鲜战争中,美军挟二战横扫德、日之威,却受挫于装备落后的中国人民志愿军。也正是从这场战争起,美军收敛起目空一切的骄狂之心,恢复了一支军队应有的理性,开始了迄今为止仍未停止的总结、反思、创新、提高的循环发展过程。

自此,对战争行动中的得失成败进行深刻系统的总结成为美军不变的信条。每一场战争或较大的军事行动结束后,美军都要进行专门的评估和分析,发布官方总结报告,直言失误和不足,提出新的军事理论。

如越南战争结束后,美军不仅对其失败进行了深刻反省,还在总结教训的基础上提出了新的军事战略和建军思想,拉开了改变世界军事格局的改革大幕。针对入侵格林纳达行动中三军通信不畅、协同不力的情况,美军又提出,必须提高军种之间的联合作战能力。在海湾战争中,美军不仅检验和实践了“空地一体”作战理论,战后更提出“全维作战”、“信息战”、“精确战”等诸多全新的作战理论和概念。

近年来,美军更是把这一传统发扬得淋漓尽致,其发动的每一场战争不但成为其检验作战理论的试验场,还是其进行作战理论创新的发源地。美军这种直面得失、善于总结的做法,值得全世界的军队借鉴。(林东 孙兆利)

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