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大故障不断!美媒称濒海战斗舰成美海军烫手山芋

2016-12-13 13:07:07   

参考消息网12月13日报道外媒称,美国海军又遇到一起造艇灾难。具有创新意义的濒海战斗舰无法使用。海军现在承认这远非初期阶段出现的问题那么简单,主要是因为十几年来管理不善所致。一年来,62%的濒海战斗舰(8艘里有5艘)出现重大装备故障。2015年海军决定将濒海战斗舰重新划分为护卫舰,但这样一来每艘舰艇的造价将上升到10亿美元以上。

据美国战略之页网站12月11日报道称,最早的濒海战斗舰设计是每艘造价仅为2.2亿美元,但后来上调至4.8亿美元。采用高度自动化舰只从而大大减少舰组人员的创新设想一直未见成效,使用任务模块也一样无效。问题的症结一如海军20世纪80年代以来遇到的如此之多的战舰问题:设计与建造管理不善。20世纪90年代末为解决战舰造价过高问题而设计的濒海战斗舰恰恰成了它所要解决的问题的又一例证。

美国海军对美国舰艇制造商的表现日益不满,濒海战斗舰问题不过是又一个提示。造价大幅上升,质量却在下降,而制造商却无法给海军将领们一个满意的答复。例如,新级别驱逐舰——DDG-1000级驱逐舰也面临造价暴涨的问题,每艘造价增加到高达30亿美元,而预计造价是8亿美元。目前的阿利·伯克级驱逐艘每艘造价仅为10亿美元。

资料图:美国海军独立级濒海战斗舰。

主要问题在于海军存在不重视过往教训的倾向。比如,自20世纪60年代以来,在舰只建造过程中,海军一再坚持对设计进行不断修改。这就推高了造价。第二次世界大战期间,舰艇制造商拿到设计后就不再受到干扰,直到交付舰艇。交付之后,海军再公布合同,提出它希望进行的各种修改。

在20至30年的服役生涯中,战舰会经历多次微修(有时也进行大修)。但是,建造过程中进行修改,其成本最为昂贵。这就提出另一个问题:数十年来合同商惯用的伎俩——提出设计建议时故意给出偏低的成本预估报价。为了获得国会批准拨款,海军听任这种做法。由于国会健忘,海军也就不必因为这种无休无止的“偏低报价”计划过程承担过多责任。

实际上,正是整体上的不良设计导致了高昂造价,即海军提出初步设计时的规划不当与垄断舰艇制造的少数造船厂的不良设计共同所致。垄断无助于提高效益。濒海战斗舰只是这些一直作祟的不良习惯的最新例子。别指望这种现象即刻会有任何改善。这是海军长期以来的行为方式。很多海军将领、国会议员,甚至一些舰艇制造公司的经理都呼吁改革。但是,就是不见改革。

海军最初希望在2014年至2018年间以(第一批5艘)每艘4.6亿美元的造价,总共建造50至60艘濒海战斗舰。“自由”号濒海战斗舰最终造价接近6亿美元,大约是这个级别第一艘舰艇预期造价的2倍。海军认为随着进入批量生产,每艘战舰造价可降低到5亿美元以下。但事实并非如此。此时此刻,取消这项计划正在成为一项诱人的选择。取消计划要比解决建造战舰面临的根本性管理与设计问题更为容易。那将涉及美国造船业、国会处置军事预算的方式,以及海军内部领导方法的重大变革。




责任编辑:苏鹏宇
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