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美媒:美国不签国际海洋法公约 没底气指责中国

2016-06-07 11:32:16   参考消息

参考消息网6月7日报道美媒称,海牙国际冲裁法庭不久后将宣布中菲南海纠纷裁决结果。但不管结果如何,美国要向中国施压都有些站不住脚,因为菲律宾提出诉讼所依据的是《联合国海洋法公约》,而华盛顿自己还没有批准这项公约。

据美国之音电台网站6月7日报道,世界绝大多数国家都已经签署了这项有“海洋宪法”之称的国际公约。条约为各国如何利用海洋及其自然资源规定了指导原则,还包含解决纠纷的机制。

美国没有批准公约是因为参议院共和党人的反对。任何国际条约都必须得到参议院三分之二多数的通过。奥巴马总统时常批评参议院的不作为。

报道称,上星期,奥巴马专门把这个问题跟中国联系在一起。他在美国空军学院的毕业典礼上说:“如果我们真的对中国在南中国海的行为感到关注,……参议院就应当批准海洋法公约,从而帮助加强我方的立场,这是我们的军方领导人所督促的。”

保守派智库传统基金会的高级研究员史蒂文·格罗夫斯在海洋法公约方面有大量著述。他说,奥巴马的这种说法“可笑之至”。

格罗夫斯属于对美国参与国际条约和体系基本持怀疑态度的保守派阵营。这些保守派人士认为,这些都有损美国主权。格罗夫斯还担心,《联合国海洋法公约》将迫使美国接受更为严格而且在他看来是没有必要的环境标准。

他说:“所有的迹象都表明,假如我们加入《海洋法公约》,所有那些无理取闹的环境官司都会缠上我们。”

其他分析人士则争辩说,批准《联合国海洋法公约》将让美国在国际舞台拥有更大的杠杆力。

西澳大学中国问题专家朱波(Andrew Chubb)认为,如果美国加入公约,说服力可能大得多。他说:“目前,他们(美方)只好使用更为抽象的说法,比如国际法‘公认规则’和‘以规则为基础的秩序’。”

从某种程度上说,不批准公约所带来的任何外交损失都是有限的。这是因为,《联合国海洋法公约》几乎所有条款都反映了国际习惯法,这对所有国家都具有约束力。

美国海军战争学院的国际法专家詹姆斯·克拉斯卡说:“实际上,具有讽刺意味的是,美国已经在严格地遵守公约里的规则了。”

不过,克拉斯卡说,美国如果正式加入《联合国海洋法公约》,将会更多的获益,包括在美国延伸大陆架获取自然资源会有更为稳定的法律框架。他还说,加入公约会加强美国在国际舞台的信誉。

在南海巡逻的美军“约翰·斯坦尼斯”号航母(美国《华盛顿邮报》网站)

责任编辑:张海潮
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