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菲军“剿匪”反被剿 其真实战力究竟几何?

2016-04-13 08:14:17   中国军网

菲军与阿布沙耶夫武装组织的作战中,可以清楚地看到菲军在作战理论、战术素养、训练程度等方面的种种欠缺。这种不足的本质是军队人员素质的不足,这也就不难理解为什么在打击小股武装分子过程中,菲军屡屡出现伤亡大于对手的不正常现象了。

资料图:菲律宾士兵表演格斗技能

常规武器质低量少,军事现代化推进艰难

菲军打击反政府武装主要由三军和国家警察部队里的特战部队实施,对于一个常年遭受反政府武装分子袭扰的国家而言,特战部队的素质和战备应该都是较高的,但通过上文分析已可见人员素质上的种种问题。“精英部队”都是这么个样子,菲律宾三军部队的常规作战能力又会如何呢?

菲律宾军队规模小,装备老旧、数量少。菲陆军现约7万人,预备役2万人;海军约2.2万人,预备役1.2万人;空军约1.5万人,预备役1.6万人。世界军力排名网站“全球火力网”给出了菲律宾军队截至今年3月份的装备数量情况:陆战装备有“蝎”式轻型坦克45辆,该型坦克由于火力、防护薄弱,更多时候被称为装甲侦察车;各类装甲车辆778辆,比较“先进”的是M113履带式装甲人员输送车和“突击队员”V-150装甲车,均为美军上世纪60年代前后的装备;各类牵引式火炮270门,以二战水平的M114和M101为主。空战装备仅有8架固定翼攻击机,22架教练机和91架直升机,唯一称得上二代机的F-5战机也于2005年全部退役,整个菲军目前没有任何喷气式战机。海战装备有3艘护卫舰,11艘轻型护卫舰,剩下的均为各类巡逻艇,舰龄平均在50年左右,其中一度为菲律宾主力护卫舰的“拉贾·胡马邦”号,是美国1943年下水的“坎农”级护卫舰“阿瑟顿”号,战后该舰转给日本海上自卫队,1975年退役,3年后又转手给菲律宾;现在菲律宾海军“战力最强”的“汉密尔顿”级巡逻舰原系美国海岸警卫队装备,服役年限已近半个世纪,仅装备了76毫米口径舰炮和小口径速射炮。

上述数据反映了菲律宾军队现役装备情况的三个特点:一是来源主要为美国淘汰的老旧装备。作为美国在亚太地区的盟友之一,朝鲜战争、越南战争后,美军撤出的不少待淘汰的装备,半卖半送交给了菲律宾。上世纪90年代美军撤出菲律宾时,一些陈旧的不愿带走的装备也就地转交给了菲方,这些装备至少构成了菲军装备的“半壁江山”。二是高精尖武器近乎为零。菲律宾受国力限制,科研能力不足,三军连导弹武器系统都没有,这在整个东南亚地区也是少见的。三是武器装备不成体系。现代军队讲求体系建设、联合作战,需要加强装备信息通联、情报侦察、通用模块等方面的建设,而菲军在此方面严重匮乏,其提出的“提高快速反应能力、海上作战能力和三军协同作战能力”目标仍然遥不可及。

资料图:美菲联合军演

为摆脱自身尴尬的军力现状,菲律宾一直在试图推动军事现代化。早在1986年菲律宾便提出了军事现代化计划,还在1995年将其写入法律,通过了《国防现代化法》。但在国内经济结构调整缓慢、美军撤出基地租金收入难继、亚洲金融危机、气象灾害等因素的影响下,军事现代化的前途屡屡被“钱途”所折断。进入新世纪,尤其是2011年以来,为继续抢占南海资源,同时迎合美国“亚太再平衡”战略,菲律宾颁布《国防转型计划》,发起了新一波军事现代化冲锋,高调声称要增购柴电潜艇、防空护卫舰、扫雷艇,甚至还传出有意购买满载排水量为1.7万吨的西班牙退役航母。2015年底,阿基诺三世政府再次宣布追加军费,在2017年前添置新的护卫舰、战略海运船、远程巡逻机、雷达系统等。但实际上,2016年菲律宾的国防预算5.5亿美元,相当一部分还要用于镇压南部的反政府武装活动,剩下的“闲钱”增购新装备必是捉襟见肘。可以预见,菲律宾军事现代化仍然会继续推进下去,但何时完成恐怕菲律宾人自己心里也没底。

打击反政府武装中的高伤亡率,反映出菲军人员各方面素养不足、武器装备量少质低,反映出菲律宾的国家综合实力仍不足以支撑建立一支较高质量的军队。菲律宾要求武装部队必须具备6个素质,分别是优良的人员、平衡的军队、健全的信条、良好的训练、合理的计划和适当的技术。这既是要求,也可以看作是菲律宾军力建设的主要指标和努力方向。不过,当下从整体上看,菲律宾军队仍处于二战结束初期的水平。也正如此,近年来菲律宾越来越倒向美日,期望通过重新开放基地等形式谋取军援、增进关系。在美国不断搞亚太再平衡、日本冲破和平宪法、菲律宾时不时南海兴风作浪的大背景下,三者的互动则更为值得关注。

责任编辑:汤鹏霏 CM015
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