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沙伊断交加剧大国战略摩擦

2016-01-13 14:21:20   文汇报

沙特与伊朗断交,两国陷入30年不遇的外交危机。表面上此乃阿拉伯人和波斯人,逊尼派与什叶派的冲突,但深入分析看,实乃政教、国际、族群矛盾激化,利益冲突所致。沙伊两国自1979年伊朗伊斯兰革命以来,关系时好时坏,忽冷忽热,基本上是地缘政治关系变化使然。

沙特忌惮美伊走近

目前,卡塔尔、巴林、科威特、阿联酋、苏丹甚至索马里等国都卷入沙伊外交战,选边站营垒分明,与叙、伊战场打击“伊斯兰国”的“什叶派之弧”与“逊尼派方阵”对影成型,宗教战争的火药味似乎越来越浓。但实则教派冲突表象掩盖了地缘战略矛盾,教派冲突又为地缘战略矛盾所激化。

中东国家关系的聚与分,基本由宗教认同、政治利益、防务安全三要素决定:宗教是基础,政治是关键,防务是纽带。以沙特、埃及两国为例,同为逊尼派的这两国关系40年来起伏跌宕,几乎全是地缘政治利益冲突所致:1978年交恶,缘于埃以签署和约;上世纪80年代转暖、90年代升温,乃因两国对两伊战争、海湾战争的立场一致。

目前,沙伊断交事态继续发酵,形势发展虽不致引发战争,但全面“冷战”亦有山雨欲来之势。一方面,也门、黎巴嫩、叙利亚、伊拉克、巴林等国政情、军情、恐情、教情复杂,易燃易爆;另一方面,两国的“教友圈”、“战友圈”摩拳擦掌,拉开架势。沙伊两大“盟主”互信无存,若处置不当,极易催化这些区域动荡的热点、焦点变为燃点、炸点。

伊朗是欧亚大陆地缘政治支轴国,因其控制波斯湾东海岸,地理位置敏感重要,故对相邻国家产生重要政治影响。这种政治条件及双方基于地缘战略的互动,导致波斯湾局势长期动荡。此种地缘政治意义亦为美国所看重,将伊朗视为战略抗衡对象,在军事、经济、外交上打压遏制。

伊朗面对枯棋,活路外交成燃眉之急。2015年伊核会谈取得突破,经济制裁挥之将去,伊朗亟欲借此东风,跻身中东政治前沿,参与石油市场博弈。伊朗外交的华丽转身,加剧沙特等国的远忧近虑:担忧伊朗掌握核武,形成战略威慑;忌惮伊朗扶持黎巴嫩真主党、也门胡塞武装,跨境联手,控制曼德海峡、霍尔木兹海峡等石油输出咽喉。

正因此,沙特等国煞费心思,力求在继续获得美国保护的同时,组建集体军事力量,加大军事筹码,实现对伊军力平衡,以确保己方政权、经济及军事安全。上世纪80年代以来,海湾国家先后组建了“半岛之盾”快速反应部队;并计划再组建10万人之众的联合部队,进一步加强联合海军力量建设。

沙特最大的心病是担忧奥巴马政府调整中东政策,近伊远沙,美伊关系走近,美沙裂痕增大。因此,有舆论指此次沙伊断交,或是沙特指伊朗之桑,骂美国之槐。

或加剧大国中东战略摩擦

沙伊断交引起中东地区战略态势、反恐格局、石油棋局以及军火贸易的变动,甚或引发大国中东外交、国际社会打击“伊斯兰国”战略的调整,大国地缘战略摩擦、油气战略矛盾或将进一步加剧。

首先,美国中东战略受到冲击,面对教派、地缘冲突愈演愈烈的沙伊关系,美国力不从心,难于牵挽双方、息事宁人。其次,俄罗斯意欲借助什叶派战略方阵,扩大并加固在中东的战略支撑点,同时巩固对欧洲的油气垄断地位,势必将与美国主导的欧洲燃气供应多元化战略碰撞。再次,伊朗在涉叙事务上更倾向于加大与莫斯科协调,并借助什叶派方阵,在中东乃至国际上开启新的地缘与油气战略场。

综上所述,沙伊断交远非单纯教派冲突,两国关系的恶化将带来阻碍叙利亚、也门和谈,影响国际打击“伊斯兰国”合作,并引发欧亚地缘格局变化等一系列大问题。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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