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英国发展全球战斗舰伴随航母作战 缺钱成难题

2015-01-09 13:35:19   中国新闻网

随着两艘伊丽莎白女王级航母的建造工作即将完成,首舰有望明年服役,英国海军正在筹划以航母为核心,组建具备全球作战能力的远洋舰队。不过,分析人士指出,大型航母固然是海军舰队的核心,但吨位不大却能伴随航母远洋作战的“全球战斗舰”也是未来英国海军舰队中不可或缺的重要角色。

研发进程充满变数

说起英国的“全球战斗舰”项目,最早可追溯到1998年英国政府提出的“未来水面战斗舰艇”研制计划。当时,英国提出要在1999年底完成概念设计,21世纪初完成详细设计,2008年开工建造,2012年服役。不过,随着设计要求一变再变,概念设计的完成日期也不断推迟。

2005年底,英国国防部将研制目标修改为3种类型,其中高档舰(C1型)是6000吨级“特遣大队型反潜平台”(也称“全球战斗舰”),中档舰(C2型)是4000吨级“多用途平台”(也称“通用水面舰”),低档舰(C3型)是2000吨级“全球巡逻舰”。

2010年2月24日,C1型舰首次被命名为“26型护卫舰”。3月25日,英国国防部与BAE公司签署全面设计合同。不过,在同年10月出台的《战略防务与安全评审》中,C1、C2型舰被合并,统称26型“全球战斗舰”。C3型舰的研制计划则改为“水雷战、水文和巡逻能力”项目,由泰利斯公司和ASV公司联合承担。

根据英国政府的要求,“全球战斗舰”的设计必须秉承三项原则:多功能性、低成本性和可出口性。其中,多功能性是指该型舰能执行反潜、护航、对地攻击、情报搜集、巡逻、维和、反海盗、人道主义救援等多种任务;低成本性是指单价不超过3.5亿英镑;可出口性是指该型舰的设计必须兼顾考虑外国客户的需要。

按照BAE公司向英国国防部提交的计划书,“全球战斗舰”的设计将在2015年初确定,首艘“全球战斗舰”将于2015年底开工,2018年4月下水,2022年服役。

技术指标普遍较高

公开信息显示,“全球战斗舰”长约148米,宽约20米,排水量约6500吨。其俯视形状类似三角形,这种设计有利益提高耐波性和航行稳定性,同时还能增加舰尾飞行甲板的面积。该型舰的动力系统采用“柴油-电力-燃汽”联合动力系统,双轴双桨推进,航速超过28节,续航力可达7000海里(航速 15节时),自持力高达60天,舰员编制118人(最多190人)。

“全球战斗舰”的上层建筑比较简洁,且内倾角度很大,舰桥前壁采用类似美国“自由”号濒海战斗舰的大内倾形状。为了给舰炮后面的“密集阵”近防炮提供良好的前向射界,并减少前甲板导弹垂发装置遭遇海浪冲刷,舰桥前部区域被抬高,形成舷台。其他安装在舰体表面的武器和设备则尽量以舷墙板和天线罩遮挡,以便减小雷达反射信号。“全球战斗舰”的探测系统包括1部装在主桅顶部的BAE公司997型“工匠”轻型三坐标多功能雷达(E/F波段,最大探测距离 200千米)、1部2050型舰首声呐、1部2087型拖曳线列阵声呐。

英国国防部和BAE公司都声称“全球战斗舰”能通过搭载不同武器和设备衍生出不同的专用舰艇版本,但对武器和设备的介绍极为笼统。具体包括:1 门MK45型舰炮(口径127毫米)、2座DS-30M MK2型机炮(口径30毫米)、2门MK15型“密集阵”近防炮、2挺“米尼冈”6管机枪和4挺通用机枪、2座12单元CAMM舰空导弹垂直发射器、2座 12单元多用途垂直发射系统(可装填“英仙座”巡航导弹、“战斧”巡航导弹、“阿斯洛克”反潜导弹、LRASM远程反舰导弹等)、2座双联装“黄貂鱼”反潜鱼雷发射管。舰载航空装备包括1-2架AH-101“默林”直升机或1-2架AW-159“野猫”直升机。从这些介绍来看,“全球战斗舰”可能以反潜为主、兼顾其他作战能力。

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